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Aspiración aguda

Última revisión: 11 Aug 2025
Última actualización: 25 Mar 2025

Resumen

Определение

Анамнез и осмотр

Ключевые диагностические факторы

  • presencia de factores de riesgo
  • tos aguda o crónica
  • fiebre
  • disnea
  • sibilancia
  • crepitaciones
Полная информация

Другие диагностические факторы

  • Laringoespasmo
Полная информация

Факторы риска

  • disminución del nivel de consciencia (puntuación <9 en la Escala de Coma de Glasgow)
  • mayor gravedad de la enfermedad
  • anestesia general
  • edad >70 años
  • sexo masculino
  • traumatismo de cráneo
  • enfermedad cerebrovascular
  • tubo endotraqueal o cánula de traqueotomía
  • disfagia
  • complicaciones en las vías respiratorias
  • papilla de bario
  • enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico
  • sondas de alimentación
  • posición en decúbito supino
  • vaciamiento gástrico retrasado
  • obesidad
  • fármacos que reducen el tono del esfínter esofágico
Полная информация

Диагностические исследования

Исследования, которые показаны в первую очередь

  • radiografía de tórax
Полная информация

Исследования, проведение которых нужно рассмотреть

  • tomografía computarizada (TC) de tórax
  • broncoscopia con lavado broncoalveolar
  • hemograma completo (HC)
  • gasometría arterial
  • hemocultivo
  • Toracocentesis
Полная информация

Алгоритм лечения

Острый

neumonitis por aspiración de contenido gástrico

neumonitis por aspiración de bario

Составители

Авторы

Augustine Lee, MD

Professor of Medicine

Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine

Mayo Clinic Florida

Jacksonville

FL

Раскрытие информации

AL declares that he has no competing interests.

Spencer Deleveaux, MBBS

Fellow

Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine

Mayo Clinic Florida

Jacksonville

FL

Раскрытие информации

SD declares that he has no competing interests.

Выражение благодарностей

Dr Augustine Lee and Dr Spencer Deleveaux would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Madison Macht, Dr Kamran Mahmood, Dr Scott Shofer, Dr Septimiu Murgu, and Dr Henri Colt, previous contributors to this topic.

Раскрытие информации

MM, KM, SS, SM, and HC declare they have no competing interests.

Рецензенты

Andrew Parfitt, MBBS, FFAEM

Clinical Director

Acute Medicine

Associate Medical Director

Consultant Emergency Medicine

Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust

Clinical Lead and Consultant

Accident and Emergency Medicine

St Thomas' Hospital

London

UK

Раскрытие информации

AP declares that he has no competing interests.

Momen M. Wahidi, MD, MBA

Director

Interventional Pulmonology

Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine

Assistant Professor of Medicine

Duke University Medical Center

Durham

NC

Раскрытие информации

MMW declares that he has no competing interests.

Peer reviewer acknowledgements

BMJ Best Practice topics are updated on a rolling basis in line with developments in evidence and guidance. The peer reviewers listed here have reviewed the content at least once during the history of the topic.

Disclosures

Peer reviewer affiliations and disclosures pertain to the time of the review.

Список литературы

Our in-house evidence and editorial teams collaborate with international expert contributors and peer reviewers to ensure that we provide access to the most clinically relevant information possible.

Основные статьи

Marik PE. Aspiration pneumonitis and aspiration pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2001 Mar 1;344(9):665-71. Аннотация

Smith Hammond CA, Goldstein LB. Cough and aspiration of food and liquids due to oral-pharyngeal dysphagia: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2006 Jan;129(1 suppl):154S-68S.Полный текст  Аннотация

American Society of Anesthesiologists. Practice guidelines for preoperative fasting and the use of pharmacologic agents to reduce the risk of pulmonary aspiration: application to healthy patients undergoing elective procedures - an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists task force on preoperative fasting and the use of pharmacologic agents to reduce the risk of pulmonary aspiration. Anesthesiology. 2017 Mar;126(3):376-93.Полный текст  Аннотация

Smith I, Kranke P, Murat I, et al. Perioperative fasting in adults and children: guidelines from the European Society of Anaesthesiology. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2011 Aug;28(8):556-69.Полный текст  Аннотация

Статьи, указанные как источники

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