高钠血症评估

Braun MM, Barstow CH, Pyzocha NJ. Diagnosis and management of sodium disorders: hyponatremia and hypernatremia. Am Fam Physician. 2015 Mar 1;91(5):299-307. 摘要

Muhsin SA, Mount DB. Diagnosis and treatment of hypernatremia. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016 Mar;30(2):189-203.全文  摘要

Hoorn EJ, Tuut MK, Hoorntje SJ, et al. Dutch guideline for the management of electrolyte disorders--2012 revision. Neth J Med. 2013 Apr;71(3):153-65.全文  摘要

1. Braun MM, Barstow CH, Pyzocha NJ. Diagnosis and management of sodium disorders: hyponatremia and hypernatremia. Am Fam Physician. 2015 Mar 1;91(5):299-307. 摘要

2. Tsipotis E, Price LL, Jaber BL, et al. Hospital-associated hypernatremia spectrum and clinical outcomes in an unselected cohort. Am J Med. 2018 Jan;131(1):72-82.e1. 摘要

3. Thongprayoon C, Cheungpasitporn W, Yap JQ, et al. Increased mortality risk associated with serum sodium variations and borderline hypo- and hypernatremia in hospitalized adults. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2020 Oct 1;35(10):1746-52.全文  摘要

4. Ranjan R, Lo SC, Ly S, et al. Progression to severe hypernatremia in hospitalized general medicine inpatients: an observational study of hospital-acquired hypernatremia. Medicina (Kaunas). 2020 Jul 17;56(7):358.全文  摘要

5. Arzhan S, Roumelioti ME, Litvinovich I, et al. Hypernatremia in hospitalized patients: a large population-based study. Kidney360. 2022 Jul 28;3(7):1144-57.全文  摘要

6. Muhsin SA, Mount DB. Diagnosis and treatment of hypernatremia. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016 Mar;30(2):189-203.全文  摘要

7. Thongprayoon C, Mao MA, Keddis MT, et al. Hypernatremia subgroups among hospitalized patients by machine learning consensus clustering with different patient survival. J Nephrol. 2022 Apr;35(3):921-9. 摘要

8. ​Stelfox HT, Ahmed SB, Khandwala F, et al. The epidemiology of intensive care unit-acquired hyponatremia and hypernatremia in medical-surgical intensive care units. Crit Care. 2008;12:R162.全文  摘要

9. Hoorn EJ, Tuut MK, Hoorntje SJ, et al. Dutch guideline for the management of electrolyte disorders--2012 revision. Neth J Med. 2013 Apr;71(3):153-65.全文  摘要

10. Dimeski G, Morgan TJ, Presneill JJ, et al. Disagreement between ion selective electrode direct and indirect sodium measurements: estimation of the problem in a tertiary referral hospital. J Crit Care. 2012 Jun;27(3):326.e9-16. 摘要

11. Liamis G, Liberopoulos E, Barkas F, et al. Spurious electrolyte disorders: a diagnostic challenge for clinicians. Am J Nephrol. 2013;38(1):50-7. 摘要

12. Fayfman M, Pasquel FJ, Umpierrez GE. Management of hyperglycemic crises: diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state. Med Clin North Am. 2017 May;101(3):587-606. 摘要

13. Levy M, Prentice M, Wass J. Diabetes insipidus. BMJ. 2019 Feb 28;364:l321. 摘要

14. Christ-Crain M, Gaisl O. Diabetes insipidus. Presse Med. 2021 Dec;50(4):104093.全文  摘要

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16. Moritz ML, Manole MD, Bogen DL, et al. Breastfeeding-associated hypernatremia: are we missing the diagnosis? Pediatrics. 2005 Sep;116(3):e343-7. 摘要

17. Metheny NA, Krieger MM. Salt toxicity: a systematic review and case reports. J Emerg Nurs. 2020 Jul;46(4):428-39.全文  摘要

18. Krige JE, Millar AJ, Rode H, et al. Fatal hypernatraemia after hypertonic saline irrigation of hepatic hydatid cysts. Pediatr Surg Int. 2002 Jan;18(1):64-5. 摘要

19. Young WF Jr. Diagnosis and treatment of primary aldosteronism: practical clinical perspectives. J Intern Med. 2019 Feb;285(2):126-48.全文  摘要

20. Jung WJ, Lee HJ, Park S, et al. Severity of community acquired hypernatremia is an independent predictor of mortality. Intern Emerg Med. 2017 Oct;12(7):935-40. 摘要

21. Shah MK, Workeneh B, Taffet GE. Hypernatremia in the geriatric population. Clin Interv Aging. 2014;9:1987-92.全文  摘要

22. Hillier TA, Abbott RD, Barrett EJ. Hyponatremia: evaluating the correction factor for hyperglycemia. Am J Med. 1999 Apr;106(4):399-403. 摘要

23. Kugler JP, Hustead T. Hyponatremia and hypernatremia in the elderly. Am Fam Physician. 2000 Jun 15;61(12):3623-30.全文  摘要

24. Fleseriu M, Auchus R, Bancos I, et al. Consensus on diagnosis and management of Cushing's disease: a guideline update. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021 Dec;9(12):847-75.全文  摘要

25. Nieman LK, Biller BM, Findling JW, et al. The diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 May;93(5):1526-40.全文  摘要

26. Ismail FY, Szóllics A, Szólics M, et al. Clinical semiology and neuroradiologic correlates of acute hypernatremic osmotic challenge in adults: a literature review. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2013 Dec;34(12):2225-32.全文  摘要

27. Reincke M, Bancos I, Mulatero P, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of primary aldosteronism. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021 Dec;9(12):876-92. 摘要

28. Sweetser S. Evaluating the patient with diarrhea: a case-based approach. Mayo Clin Proc. 2012 Jun;87(6):596-602.全文  摘要

29. Castro-Rodríguez JA, Salazar-Lindo E, León-Barúa R. Differentiation of osmotic and secretory diarrhoea by stool carbohydrate and osmolar gap measurements. Arch Dis Child. 1997 Sep;77(3):201-5.全文  摘要