小结
非故意体重减轻通常定义为在之前 6 至 12 个月内患者体重至少减轻了正常体重的 5%,而且并不是治疗已知疾病的预期结果。[1]Wong CJ. Involuntary weight loss. Med Clin North Am. 2014;98:625-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24758965?tool=bestpractice.com 在诊断上存在困难,虽然获得详尽的病史和查体可能帮助发现某种潜在疾病,但可能仍然难以查明病因,只有通过进一步的检查或随着时间的推移才能发现病因,或者根本无法发现病因。最紧迫的问题是评估是否存在肿瘤或其他疾病,因为早期诊断可能会带来更佳结局。非故意性体重减轻可有广泛的病因,包括躯体疾病、精神疾病和社会因素。这些情况可能单独发生,也可能同时存在。
分类
关于非故意体重减轻,没有正式的统一定义;但是,患者和治疗医生必须确认患者没有有意地减轻体重。 在一系列的病例研究中,判断体重减轻的标准被定义为与正常体重相比体重减轻 5%~10%。[2]Marton KI, Sox HC, Krupp JR. Involuntary weight loss: diagnostic and prognostic significance. Ann Intern Med. 1981;95:568-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7294545?tool=bestpractice.com [3]Rabinovitz M, Pitlik SD, Leifer M, et al. Unintentional weight loss: a retrospective analysis of 154 cases. Arch Intern Med. 1986;146:186-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3942450?tool=bestpractice.com [4]Thompson MP, Morris LK. Unexplained weight loss in the ambulatory elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1991;39:497-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2022802?tool=bestpractice.com [5]Wallace JI, Schwartz RS, LaCroix AZ, et al. Involuntary weight loss in older outpatients: incidence and clinical significance. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1995;43:329-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7706619?tool=bestpractice.com [6]Bilbao-Garay J, Barba R, Losa-Garcia JE, et al. Assessing clinical probability of organic disease in patients with involuntary weight loss: a simple score. Eur J Intern Med. 2002;13:240-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12067819?tool=bestpractice.com [7]Chen SP, Peng LN, Lin MH, et al. Evaluating probability of cancer among older people with unexplained, unintentional weight loss. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2010;50(suppl 1):S27-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20171452?tool=bestpractice.com [8]Wu JM, Lin MH, Peng LN, et al. Evaluating diagnostic strategy of older patients with unexplained unintentional body weight loss: a hospital-based study. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2011;53:51-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21071102?tool=bestpractice.com [9]Bosch X, Monclús E, Escoda O, et al. Unintentional weight loss: Clinical characteristics and outcomes in a prospective cohort of 2677 patients. PLoS One. 2017 Apr 7;12(4):e0175125. http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0175125 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28388637?tool=bestpractice.com 类似地,也没有严格定义非故意体重减轻应在多长时间内出现;但是,大多数病例系列研究使用的标准为在之前的 3 至 12 个月内出现体重减轻。
相关症状包括恶病质和肌少症。 恶病质是一种体重减轻综合征,其特征为因存在一种潜在疾病(如某些类型的癌症或晚期心力衰竭)的代谢作用而出现肌肉组织重量减少。[10]Evans WJ, Morley JE, Argiles J, et al. Cachexia: a new definition. Clin Nutr. 2008;27:793-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18718696?tool=bestpractice.com 尽管所有恶病质患者都会出现非故意体重减轻,但并不是所有非故意体重减轻患者都有恶病质。 肌少症是一种以肌肉组织重量减少和功能衰退为表现的老年综合征,可能伴或不伴非故意体重减轻。
营养不良的共识定义将非故意体重减轻(3 个月内减轻>5%,或非确定时间内减轻>10%)纳入诊断标准之一。[11]Cederholm T, Bosaeus I, Barazzoni R, et al. Diagnostic criteria for malnutrition: an ESPEN consensus statement. Clin Nutr. 2015;34:335-40. http://www.clinicalnutritionjournal.com/article/S0261-5614%2815%2900075-8/fulltext http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25799486?tool=bestpractice.com
在美国,医疗保险和医疗救助服务中心(Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services)要求长期照护机构在居民出现计划外体重减轻问题时(30 日内变化 5% 或 180 日内变化 10%)进行评估。[12]Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, State Operations Manual, Appendix PP – Guidance to Surveyors for Long Term Care Facilities. Aug 2007 [internet publication]. https://www.cms.gov/Regulations-and-Guidance/Legislation/CFCsAndCoPs/Downloads/som107ap_pp_guidelines_ltcfpdf
流行病学
在基于人群的队列研究中,非故意体重减轻的发生率为 7% 至 13%,差异可归因为人口统计学因素和随访持续的时间。[13]Gregg EW, Gerzoff RB, Thompson TJ, et al. Intentional weight loss and death in overweight and obese U.S. adults 35 years of age and older. Ann Intern Med. 2003;138:383-9. http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=716098 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12614090?tool=bestpractice.com [14]Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG, Lennon L. Reasons for intentional weight loss, unintentional weight loss, and mortality in older men. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:1035-40. http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1152796 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15883243?tool=bestpractice.com [15]Sahyoun NR, Serdula MK, Galuska DA. The epidemiology of recent involuntary weight loss in the United States population. J Nutr Health Aging. 2004;8:510-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15543425?tool=bestpractice.com 据报道,在老年人(65 岁以上)中,流行率为 15%-20%,但是临床和流行病学研究报告称,某些人群中的流行率甚至更高,多达 27% 的社区老年居民以及 50%-60% 的养老院居民受到影响。[16]Alibhai SM, Greenwood C, Payette H. An approach to the management of unintentional weight loss in elderly people. CMAJ. 2005 Mar 15;172(6):773-80. https://www.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.1031527 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15767612?tool=bestpractice.com [17]Bouras EP, Lange SM, Scolapio JS. Rational approach to patients with unintentional weight loss. Mayo Clin Proc. 2001 Sep;76(9):923-9. https://www.doi.org/10.4065/76.9.923 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11560304?tool=bestpractice.com 对于大多数符合临床表现定义的患者(例如在前 6 个月内发生体重减轻),发生率约为 7%。[15]Sahyoun NR, Serdula MK, Galuska DA. The epidemiology of recent involuntary weight loss in the United States population. J Nutr Health Aging. 2004;8:510-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15543425?tool=bestpractice.com
一项关于观察性研究的系统评价和荟萃分析显示,死亡与非故意体重减轻之间存在关联;亚组分析发现,非故意体重减轻与老年人以及超重和肥胖受试者的死亡风险增加有显著关联。[18]De Stefani FDC, Pietraroia PS, Fernandes-Silva MM, et al. Observational Evidence for Unintentional Weight Loss in All-Cause Mortality and Major Cardiovascular Events: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sci Rep. 2018 Oct 18;8(1):15447. https://www.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-33563-z http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30337578?tool=bestpractice.com 在近期(即 6 个月内)出现非故意体重减轻的患者中,体重减轻 5% 或以上与随后死亡率增加有关。[15]Sahyoun NR, Serdula MK, Galuska DA. The epidemiology of recent involuntary weight loss in the United States population. J Nutr Health Aging. 2004;8:510-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15543425?tool=bestpractice.com
非故意体重减轻与接受妇科手术、结直肠手术和播散性癌症手术患者的围手术期并发症增加有关。[19]Pache B, Grass F, Hübner M, et al. Prevalence and Consequences of Preoperative Weight Loss in Gynecologic Surgery. Nutrients. 2019 May 17;11(5):. https://www.doi.org/10.3390/nu11051094 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31108841?tool=bestpractice.com [20]Moghadamyeghaneh Z, Hanna MH1, Hwang G, et al. Outcome of preoperative weight loss in colorectal surgery. Am J Surg. 2015;210:291-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25990792?tool=bestpractice.com [21]Thirunavukarasu P, Sanghera S, Singla S, et al. Pre-operative unintentional weight loss as a risk factor for surgical outcomes after elective surgery in patients with disseminated cancer. Int J Surg. 2015;18:7-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25865083?tool=bestpractice.com
与非故意性体重减轻形成显著对比的是,在许多国家/地区肥胖流行,尝试有意减轻体重却不成功的经历颇为常见。此外,初级保健机构可能未充分识别出非故意性体重减轻。[22]El-Kareh R, Pazo V, Wright A, et al. Losing weights: failure to recognize and act on weight loss documented in an electronic health record. J Innov Health Inform. 2015;22:316-22. http://hijournal.bcs.org/index.php/jhi/article/view/137/840 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26577421?tool=bestpractice.com
病理生理学
病理生理学表现因病因的不同而有所不同。 保持体重平稳是一个复杂的过程,影响因素包括可获得的食物、体育活动、所处的环境和肽类物质对激素水平的调节(如瘦素、胆囊收缩素和胃饥饿素)。[23]Guyenet SJ, Schwartz MW. Regulation of food intake, energy balance, and body fat mass: implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97:745-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3319208 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22238401?tool=bestpractice.com
由于恶病质而出现的非故意体重减轻与细胞因子(例如肿瘤坏死因子 α)有关,这种因子会抑制食欲,促进肌肉和脂肪分解,增加能量消耗。[24]Fearon KC, Glass DJ, Guttridge DC. Cancer cachexia: mediators, signaling, and metabolic pathways. Cell Metabolism. 2012;16:153-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22795476?tool=bestpractice.com [25]Argiles JM, Busquets S, Felipe A, et al. Molecular mechanisms involved in muscle wasting in cancer and ageing: cachexia versus sarcopenia. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2005;37:1084-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15743680?tool=bestpractice.com 在恶病质综合征患者中,正常的稳态调节机制被打乱,而这些机制在单纯性热量摄入不足而导致的体重减轻的患者中是正常的。
鉴别诊断
鉴别诊断所涉及的范围极广。 在病例系列研究中,最常见的病因是:[26]McMinn J, Steel C, Bowman A. Investigation and management of unintentional weight loss in older adults. BMJ. 2011 Mar 29;342:d1732. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21447571?tool=bestpractice.com
恶性肿瘤
胃肠道疾病
精神性疾病
应考虑的其他病因包括:
与器官衰竭(例如心力衰竭、慢性阻塞性肺疾病、肾衰)有关的恶病质综合征
内分泌疾病(例如甲状腺功能亢进、糖尿病、肾上腺皮质功能不全)
严重感染(例如结核和 HIV)
药物的副作用
物质滥用
妨碍获取充足食物的社会因素。
鉴别诊断
常见
- 胃癌
- 结直肠癌
- 食管癌
- 胰腺癌
- 肝细胞瘤
- 小细胞肺癌
- 非小细胞肺癌
- 非霍奇金淋巴瘤
- 霍奇金淋巴瘤
- 慢性白血病
- 多发性骨髓瘤
- 口咽癌
- 喉癌
- 卵巢癌
- 前列腺癌
- 乳腺癌
- 乳糜泻
- 胰腺外分泌功能不全
- 克罗恩病
- 溃疡性结肠炎
- 肠系膜缺血
- 抑郁
- 双相型障碍
- 广泛性焦虑障碍
- 神经性厌食症
- 物质滥用
- 帕金森病
- 痴呆
- 甲状腺功能亢进
- 结核(肺)
- 药物不良反应
不常见
- 胆管癌
- 急性白血病
- Zollinger-Ellison 综合征
- 血管活性肠肽瘤
- 类癌综合征
- 消化性溃疡病
- 慢性肝炎
- 食管蹼、环和憩室
- 小肠细菌过度生长 (SIBO)
- 胃轻瘫
- 术后并发症
- 口腔黏膜炎
- 神经性贪食
- 多发性硬化
- 肌萎缩侧索硬化
- 朊病毒病
- 心脏恶病质综合征
- 卒中后并发症
- 肺恶病质综合征
- 囊性纤维化
- 显微镜下多发性血管炎
- 肾恶病质综合征
- 糖尿病
- 肾上腺皮质功能不全
- 垂体功能减退
- 嗜铬细胞瘤
- 类风湿关节炎
- 系统性红斑狼疮
- 肉芽肿性多血管炎
- 结节性多动脉炎
- 系统性硬化症(硬皮病)
- 结节病
- 混合性结缔组织病(重叠综合征)
- 成人 Still 病发作
- HIV 感染
- 结核(肺外)
- 鸟型结核分枝杆菌细胞内感染 (MAI)
- 组织胞浆菌病
- 阿米巴病
- 贾第鞭毛虫病
- 隐孢子虫病
- 等孢球虫病
- 环孢子虫病
- 类圆线虫病
- 感染性心内膜炎
- Whipple 病
- 巴尔通体感染
- 营养不良
- 老人受虐待/忽视
- 虐待/忽视儿童
撰稿人
作者
Christopher J. Wong, MD
Associate Professor
Division of General Internal Medicine
Department of Medicine
University of Washington
Seattle
WA
利益声明
CJW is an author of a reference cited in this topic. He also receives royalties from Springer for textbooks on perioperative medicine and primary care of solid organ transplant recipients.
同行评议者
Alan Shand, MD, FRCP (ed)
Clinical Director
Gastro-intestinal Unit
Western General Hospital
Edinburgh
UK
利益声明
AS declares that he has no competing interests.
Sherman M. Chamberlain, MD, FACP, AGAF, FACG
Professor of Medicine
Medical Director, Endoscopy
Section of Gastroenterology/Hepatology
Georgia Regents University-Medical College of Georgia
Augusta
GA
利益声明
SMC declares that he has no competing interests.
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