脑垂体位于垂体窝(蝶鞍),而垂体窝位于脑底的颅中窝。它通过垂体柄与下丘脑进行功能性连接。下丘脑位于垂体腺的上方,两者之间的联系对于维持垂体腺功能十分重要。
垂体前叶分泌生长激素、促甲状腺激素、促肾上腺皮质激素、卵泡刺激素、黄体生成素和催乳素。垂体后叶分泌精氨酸加压素 (也被称为抗利尿激素) 和催产素。
对于垂体肿块,可根据其基础病因进行分类:例如垂体腺瘤、垂体增生、非腺瘤性肿瘤,以及血管、炎症或感染病变。
多数垂体肿块是由垂体腺瘤引起;垂体腺瘤是发生于垂体腺前叶的良性肿瘤。垂体腺瘤分为功能性(分泌激素)或非功能性腺瘤,可按细胞类型或大小进一步分类,例如微腺瘤(<10 mm)或大腺瘤(>10 mm)。[1]Arafah BM, Nasrallah MP. Pituitary tumors: pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and management. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2001 Dec;8(4):287-305.
http://erc.endocrinology-journals.org/content/8/4/287.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11733226?tool=bestpractice.com
[2]Molitch ME. Diagnosis and treatment of pituitary adenomas: a review. JAMA. 2017;317:516-524.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28170483?tool=bestpractice.com
[3]Pal A, Leaver L, Wass J. Pituitary adenomas. BMJ. 2019 Jun 6;365:l2091.
www.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l2091
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31171544?tool=bestpractice.com
[4]Nishioka H, Inoshita N. New WHO classification of pituitary adenomas (4th edition): assessment of pituitary transcription factors and the prognostic histological factors. Brain Tumor Pathol. 2018 Jan 9;35(2):57-61.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29318396?tool=bestpractice.com
由于至少一种的垂体前叶激素的高分泌,垂体肿物可能表现为典型的临床症状(例如库欣氏病,肢端肥大症)。或者,他们可能表现为更加隐匿性的占位效应或肿瘤扩大对周围组织结构产生压迫,包括正常垂体组织,而导致垂体功能减退。功能性垂体腺瘤可以产生包括激素过剩和/或缺陷共同存在的复杂情况。[1]Arafah BM, Nasrallah MP. Pituitary tumors: pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and management. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2001 Dec;8(4):287-305.
http://erc.endocrinology-journals.org/content/8/4/287.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11733226?tool=bestpractice.com
使用尸检和放射学数据进行的分析表明,原发性腺瘤的患病率分别为 14.4% 和 22.5%(总体患病率估计值为 16.7%)。[5]Ezzat S, Asa SL, Couldwell WT, et al. The prevalence of pituitary adenomas: a systematic review. Cancer. 2004 Aug 1;101(3):613-9.
https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/cncr.20412
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15274075?tool=bestpractice.com
基本所有这些都是临床上无症状的微腺瘤。 患病率随着年龄增加,并且更加有可能被高分辨核磁序列发现。[6]Morris Z, Whiteley WN, Longstreth WT Jr, et al. Incidental findings on brain magnetic resonance imaging: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2009;339:b3016.
http://www.bmj.com/content/339/bmj.b3016.full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19687093?tool=bestpractice.com