Summary
Definition
History and exam
Key diagnostic factors
- presença de fatores de risco
- tosse
- sibilância
- dispneia
- constrição torácica
- perturbação do sono
- uso dos músculos acessórios
- taquipneia
- taquicardia
- sibilância, expansibilidade torácica ou murmúrios vesiculares reduzidos
- incapacidade de falar
Other diagnostic factors
- limitação da atividade física
- alteração do nível de consciência
- estridor
- cianose
Risk factors
- infecção viral
- sintomas de asma descontrolados
- uso intenso de beta-2 agonistas de curta ação
- uso inconsistente de corticosteroides inalatórios
- técnica incorreta de uso do inalador
- baixo volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (VEF₁)
- alta responsividade a broncodilatadores
- fumantes (inclusive cigarros eletrônicos/produtos de vaping) ou fumantes passivos
- exposição a alérgenos (incluindo história de rinite alérgica sazonal)
- poluição do ar
- baixa qualidade do ar em ambientes fechados
- obesidade
- rinossinusite crônica
- doença do refluxo gastroesofágico
- alergia alimentar confirmada
- história de asma
- história de hospitalização por exacerbações da asma
- uma ou mais exacerbações intensas nos últimos 12 meses
- uso de corticosteroides orais
- baixa adesão ao tratamento da asma
- gestação
- problemas psicológicos ou socioeconômicos
- eosinófilos sanguíneos elevados
- fração de óxido nítrico exalado (FeNO) elevada
- infecção respiratória bacteriana
Diagnostic investigations
1st investigations to order
- saturação do oxigênio
- taxa de pico do fluxo expiratório
Investigations to consider
- gasometria arterial
- radiografia torácica
- Hemograma completo
- perfil metabólico para eletrólitos, níveis de ureia, creatinina
Treatment algorithm
exacerbação com risco de vida ou insuficiência respiratória iminente
exacerbação grave
exacerbação leve a moderada
asma sintomática
Contributors
Authors
Sourav Majumdar, MD
Clinical Assistant Professor (Affiliated)
Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine
Department of Medicine
Stanford University School of Medicine
Stanford
CA
Disclosures
SM declares that he has no competing interests.
Lauren Eggert, MD
Clinical Assistant Professor
Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine
Department of Medicine
Stanford University School of Medicine
Stanford
CA
Disclosures
LE declares that she has participated on advisory boards for Regeneron and AstraZeneca.
Acknowledgements
Dr Sourav Majumdar and Dr Lauren Eggert would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Ware Kuschner, Dr Michael Ezzie, and Dr Jonathan P. Parsons, the previous contributors to this topic.
Disclosures
WK and ME declare that they have no competing interests. JPP is a member of Speakers' Bureaus for GlaxoSmithKline, Schering-Plough, and AstraZeneca.
Peer reviewers
Anne Dixon, MD
Assistant Professor
Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine
University of Vermont
Burlington
VT
Disclosures
AD declares that she has no competing interests.
Neil C. Thomson, MBChB, MD, FRCP
Professor of Respiratory Medicine
Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation
University of Glasgow
Glasgow
Scotland
UK
Disclosures
NCT declares that he has no competing interests.
Graeme P. Currie, MBChB, MD, FRCP
Consultant Chest Physician
Chest Clinic C
Aberdeen Royal Infirmary
Aberdeen
Scotland
UK
Disclosures
GPC declares that he has no competing interests.
Peer reviewer acknowledgements
BMJ Best Practice topics are updated on a rolling basis in line with developments in evidence and guidance. The peer reviewers listed here have reviewed the content at least once during the history of the topic.
Disclosures
Peer reviewer affiliations and disclosures pertain to the time of the review.
References
Key articles
Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. May 2024 [internet publication].Full text
Cloutier MM, Baptist AP, Teach SJ, et al; Expert Panel Working Group of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) administered and coordinated National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Coordinating Committee (NAEPPCC). 2020 focused updates to the asthma management guidelines: a report from the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Coordinating Committee Expert Panel Working Group. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020 Dec;146(6):1217-70.Full text Abstract
British Thoracic Society; National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE); Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. British guideline on the management of asthma. Nov 2024 [internet publication].Full text
Reference articles
A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.
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