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Exacerbação aguda da asma em adultos

Last reviewed: 24 Sep 2025
Last updated: 09 Jul 2025

Summary

Definition

History and exam

Key diagnostic factors

  • presença de fatores de risco
  • tosse
  • sibilância
  • dispneia
  • constrição torácica
  • perturbação do sono
  • uso dos músculos acessórios
  • taquipneia
  • taquicardia
  • sibilância, expansibilidade torácica ou murmúrios vesiculares reduzidos
  • incapacidade de falar
Full details

Other diagnostic factors

  • limitação da atividade física
  • alteração do nível de consciência
  • estridor
  • cianose
Full details

Risk factors

  • infecção viral
  • sintomas de asma descontrolados
  • uso intenso de beta-2 agonistas de curta ação
  • uso inconsistente de corticosteroides inalatórios
  • técnica incorreta de uso do inalador
  • baixo volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (VEF₁)
  • alta responsividade a broncodilatadores
  • fumantes (inclusive cigarros eletrônicos/produtos de vaping) ou fumantes passivos
  • exposição a alérgenos (incluindo história de rinite alérgica sazonal)
  • poluição do ar
  • baixa qualidade do ar em ambientes fechados
  • obesidade
  • rinossinusite crônica
  • doença do refluxo gastroesofágico
  • alergia alimentar confirmada
  • história de asma
  • história de hospitalização por exacerbações da asma
  • uma ou mais exacerbações intensas nos últimos 12 meses
  • uso de corticosteroides orais
  • baixa adesão ao tratamento da asma
  • gestação
  • problemas psicológicos ou socioeconômicos
  • eosinófilos sanguíneos elevados
  • fração de óxido nítrico exalado (FeNO) elevada
  • infecção respiratória bacteriana
Full details

Diagnostic investigations

1st investigations to order

  • saturação do oxigênio
  • taxa de pico do fluxo expiratório
Full details

Investigations to consider

  • gasometria arterial
  • radiografia torácica
  • Hemograma completo
  • perfil metabólico para eletrólitos, níveis de ureia, creatinina
Full details

Treatment algorithm

ACUTE

exacerbação com risco de vida ou insuficiência respiratória iminente

exacerbação grave

exacerbação leve a moderada

ONGOING

asma sintomática

Contributors

Authors

Sourav Majumdar, MD

Clinical Assistant Professor (Affiliated)

Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine

Department of Medicine

Stanford University School of Medicine

Stanford

CA

Disclosures

SM declares that he has no competing interests.

Lauren Eggert, MD

Clinical Assistant Professor

Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine

Department of Medicine

Stanford University School of Medicine

Stanford

CA

Disclosures

LE declares that she has participated on advisory boards for Regeneron and AstraZeneca.

Acknowledgements

Dr Sourav Majumdar and Dr Lauren Eggert would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Ware Kuschner, Dr Michael Ezzie, and Dr Jonathan P. Parsons, the previous contributors to this topic.

Disclosures

WK and ME declare that they have no competing interests. JPP is a member of Speakers' Bureaus for GlaxoSmithKline, Schering-Plough, and AstraZeneca.

Peer reviewers

Anne Dixon, MD

Assistant Professor

Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine

University of Vermont

Burlington

VT

Disclosures

AD declares that she has no competing interests.

Neil C. Thomson, MBChB, MD, FRCP

Professor of Respiratory Medicine

Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation

University of Glasgow

Glasgow

Scotland

UK

Disclosures

NCT declares that he has no competing interests.

Graeme P. Currie, MBChB, MD, FRCP

Consultant Chest Physician

Chest Clinic C

Aberdeen Royal Infirmary

Aberdeen

Scotland

UK

Disclosures

GPC declares that he has no competing interests.

Peer reviewer acknowledgements

BMJ Best Practice topics are updated on a rolling basis in line with developments in evidence and guidance. The peer reviewers listed here have reviewed the content at least once during the history of the topic.

Disclosures

Peer reviewer affiliations and disclosures pertain to the time of the review.

References

Our in-house evidence and editorial teams collaborate with international expert contributors and peer reviewers to ensure that we provide access to the most clinically relevant information possible.

Key articles

Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. May 2024 [internet publication].Full text

Cloutier MM, Baptist AP, Teach SJ, et al; Expert Panel Working Group of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) administered and coordinated National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Coordinating Committee (NAEPPCC). 2020 focused updates to the asthma management guidelines: a report from the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Coordinating Committee Expert Panel Working Group. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020 Dec;146(6):1217-70.Full text  Abstract

British Thoracic Society; National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE); Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. British guideline on the management of asthma. Nov 2024 [internet publication].Full text

Reference articles

A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.
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