Exacerbação aguda da asma em adultos

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Evidence last reviewed: 25 Aug 2026
Topic last updated: 07 May 2026

Резюме

Определение

Анамнез и осмотр

Ключевые диагностические факторы

  • dispneia
  • tosse
  • sibilo
  • fatores de risco
  • constrição torácica progressiva
  • diminuição progressiva da função pulmonar
  • taquipneia
  • taquicardia
  • Tórax silencioso
  • uso dos músculos acessórios
  • perturbação do sono
Полная информация

Другие диагностические факторы

  • limitação da atividade física
  • colapso
  • alteração do nível de consciência
  • sintomas cutâneos
  • cianose
  • arritmia
  • hipotensão
  • exaustão
  • estridor
Полная информация

Факторы риска

  • infecção viral respiratória
  • sintomas de asma descontrolados
  • uso intenso de beta-2 agonistas de curta ação
  • uso inadequado de corticosteroides inalatórios
  • técnica incorreta de uso do inalador
  • baixo volume expiratório forçado em 1 segundo (VEF1)
  • alta responsividade a broncodilatadores
  • fumantes (inclusive cigarros eletrônicos/produtos de vaping) ou fumantes passivos
  • exposição a alérgenos (incluindo história de rinite alérgica sazonal)
  • poluição do ar
  • baixa qualidade do ar em ambientes fechados
  • obesidade
  • rinossinusite crônica
  • doença do refluxo gastroesofágico
  • alergia alimentar confirmada
  • história de asma
  • história de hospitalização por exacerbações da asma
  • uma ou mais exacerbações intensas nos últimos 12 meses
  • uso de corticosteroides orais
  • uso de determinados medicamentos
  • baixa adesão ao tratamento da asma
  • gestação
  • problemas psicológicos ou socioeconômicos
  • eosinófilos sanguíneos elevados
  • fração de óxido nítrico exalado (FeNO) elevada
  • gatilhos relacionados ao clima
  • infecção respiratória bacteriana
Полная информация

Диагностические исследования

Исследования, которые показаны в первую очередь

  • gasometria arterial (no hospital)
  • pico do fluxo expiratório (na comunidade e no hospital)
  • oximetria de pulso (na comunidade e no hospital)
  • radiografia torácica (no hospital)
Полная информация

Исследования, проведение которых нужно рассмотреть

  • hemograma completo (no hospital)
  • ureia e eletrólitos (no hospital)
  • Proteína C-reativa (em ambiente hospitalar)
  • níveis de teofilina (no hospital)
  • ECG (no hospital)
Полная информация

Алгоритм лечения

Острый

exacerbação com risco de vida ou insuficiência respiratória iminente

exacerbação aguda grave

exacerbação moderada

ПРОДОЛЖЕНИЕ

asma sintomática após a estabilização

Составители

Эксперты-консультанты

Amy Binnion, BSc (Biochemistry), MBBS, MRCP, PhD

Consultant Respiratory Physician

Respiratory Medicine Institution

Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust

Nottingham

UK

Раскрытие информации

AB has attended a conference fully funded for all delegates by industry sponsorship from multiple sponsors.

Yik Lam Pang, BMedSci, MBBS, PhD

Specialist Registrar in Respiratory Medicine

Respiratory Medicine Institution

Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust

Nottingham

UK

Раскрытие информации

None declared

Acknowledgements

BMJ Best Practice would like to gratefully acknowledge the previous expert contributors, whose work has been retained in parts of the content:

Jonathan Bennett, MD

Honorary Professor of Respiratory Sciences

University of Leicester

Respiratory Consultant

Glenfield Hospital

Leicester

UK

Sourav Majumdar, MD

Clinical Assistant Professor (Affiliated)

Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine

Department of Medicine

Stanford University School of Medicine

Stanford

Lauren Eggert, MD

Fellow

Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine

Department of Medicine

Stanford University School of Medicine

Stanford

Раскрытие информации

JB is deputy medical director of RCP Invited Service Reviews. SM and LE declare that they have no competing interests.

Рецензенты

Pujan H Patel, MD

Consultant in Respiratory Medicine

Royal Brompton Hospital

London

UK

Раскрытие информации

PP has received speaker fees for educational lecture events from GlaxoSmithKline.

Peer reviewer acknowledgements

BMJ Best Practice topics are updated on a rolling basis in line with developments in evidence and guidance. The peer reviewers listed here have reviewed the content at least once during the history of the topic.

Disclosures

Peer reviewer affiliations and disclosures pertain to the time of the review.

Редакторы

Emma Quigley

Section Editor, BMJ Best Practice

Раскрытие информации

EQ declares that she has no competing interests.

Tannaz Aliabadi-Oglesby

Lead Section Editor, BMJ Best Practice

Раскрытие информации

TAO declares that she has no competing interests.

Julie Costello

Comorbidities Editor, BMJ Best Practice

Раскрытие информации

JC declares that she has no competing interests.

Adam Mitchell

Drug Editor, BMJ Best Practice

Раскрытие информации

AM declares that he has no competing interests.

Список литературы

Our in-house evidence and editorial teams collaborate with international expert contributors and peer reviewers to ensure that we provide access to the most clinically relevant information possible.

Основные статьи

Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. Nov 2025 [internet publication].Полный текст

British Thoracic Society; Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. British guideline on the management of asthma. Nov 2024 [internet publication].Полный текст

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Asthma: diagnosis, monitoring and chronic asthma management (BTS, NICE, SIGN). Nov 2024 [internet publication].Полный текст

Статьи, указанные как источники

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