Summary
Definition
History and exam
Key diagnostic factors
- dispneia
- tosse
- sibilo
- fatores de risco
- constrição torácica progressiva
- diminuição progressiva da função pulmonar
- taquipneia
- taquicardia
- Tórax silencioso
- uso dos músculos acessórios
- perturbação do sono
Other diagnostic factors
- limitação da atividade física
- colapso
- alteração do nível de consciência
- sintomas cutâneos
- cianose
- arritmia
- hipotensão
- exaustão
- estridor
Risk factors
- infecção viral respiratória
- sintomas de asma descontrolados
- uso intenso de beta-2 agonistas de curta ação
- uso inadequado de corticosteroides inalatórios
- técnica incorreta de uso do inalador
- baixo volume expiratório forçado em 1 segundo (VEF1)
- alta responsividade a broncodilatadores
- fumantes (inclusive cigarros eletrônicos/produtos de vaping) ou fumantes passivos
- exposição a alérgenos (incluindo história de rinite alérgica sazonal)
- poluição do ar
- baixa qualidade do ar em ambientes fechados
- obesidade
- rinossinusite crônica
- doença do refluxo gastroesofágico
- alergia alimentar confirmada
- história de asma
- história de hospitalização por exacerbações da asma
- uma ou mais exacerbações intensas nos últimos 12 meses
- uso de corticosteroides orais
- uso de determinados medicamentos
- baixa adesão ao tratamento da asma
- gestação
- problemas psicológicos ou socioeconômicos
- eosinófilos sanguíneos elevados
- fração de óxido nítrico exalado (FeNO) elevada
- gatilhos relacionados ao clima
- infecção respiratória bacteriana
Diagnostic investigations
1st investigations to order
- gasometria arterial (no hospital)
- pico do fluxo expiratório (na comunidade e no hospital)
- oximetria de pulso (na comunidade e no hospital)
- radiografia torácica (no hospital)
Investigations to consider
- hemograma completo (no hospital)
- ureia e eletrólitos (no hospital)
- Proteína C-reativa (em ambiente hospitalar)
- níveis de teofilina (no hospital)
- ECG (no hospital)
Treatment algorithm
exacerbação com risco de vida ou insuficiência respiratória iminente
exacerbação aguda grave
exacerbação moderada
asma sintomática após a estabilização
Contributors
Expert advisers
Amy Binnion, BSc (Biochemistry), MBBS, MRCP, PhD
Consultant Respiratory Physician
Respiratory Medicine Institution
Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust
Nottingham
UK
Disclosures
AB has attended a conference fully funded for all delegates by industry sponsorship from multiple sponsors.
Yik Lam Pang, BMedSci, MBBS, PhD
Specialist Registrar in Respiratory Medicine
Respiratory Medicine Institution
Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust
Nottingham
UK
Disclosures
None declared
Acknowledgements
BMJ Best Practice would like to gratefully acknowledge the previous expert contributors, whose work has been retained in parts of the content:
Jonathan Bennett, MD
Honorary Professor of Respiratory Sciences
University of Leicester
Respiratory Consultant
Glenfield Hospital
Leicester
UK
Sourav Majumdar, MD
Clinical Assistant Professor (Affiliated)
Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine
Department of Medicine
Stanford University School of Medicine
Stanford
Lauren Eggert, MD
Fellow
Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine
Department of Medicine
Stanford University School of Medicine
Stanford
Disclosures
JB is deputy medical director of RCP Invited Service Reviews. SM and LE declare that they have no competing interests.
Peer reviewers
Pujan H Patel, MD
Consultant in Respiratory Medicine
Royal Brompton Hospital
London
UK
Disclosures
PP has received speaker fees for educational lecture events from GlaxoSmithKline.
Peer reviewer acknowledgements
BMJ Best Practice topics are updated on a rolling basis in line with developments in evidence and guidance. The peer reviewers listed here have reviewed the content at least once during the history of the topic.
Disclosures
Peer reviewer affiliations and disclosures pertain to the time of the review.
Editors
Emma Quigley
Section Editor, BMJ Best Practice
Disclosures
EQ declares that she has no competing interests.
Tannaz Aliabadi-Oglesby
Lead Section Editor, BMJ Best Practice
Disclosures
TAO declares that she has no competing interests.
Julie Costello
Comorbidities Editor, BMJ Best Practice
Disclosures
JC declares that she has no competing interests.
Adam Mitchell
Drug Editor, BMJ Best Practice
Disclosures
AM declares that he has no competing interests.
References
Key articles
Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. Nov 2025 [internet publication].Full text
British Thoracic Society; Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. British guideline on the management of asthma. Nov 2024 [internet publication].Full text
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Asthma: diagnosis, monitoring and chronic asthma management (BTS, NICE, SIGN). Nov 2024 [internet publication].Full text
Reference articles
A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.
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