Last reviewed: 9 Nov 2024
Last updated: 01 Oct 2024
Summary
Definition
History and exam
Key diagnostic factors
- fever
Full details
Other diagnostic factors
- nausea and vomiting
- dysuria, frequency, or urgency
- flank pain or costovertebral angle tenderness
Full details
Risk factors
- urinary tract infection
- diabetes mellitus
- stress incontinence
- foreign body in urinary tract (e.g., calculus, catheter)
- anatomic/functional urinary abnormality
- immunosuppressive state (e.g., HIV, transplantation, chemotherapy, corticosteroid use)
- pregnancy
- frequent sexual intercourse
- mother with urinary tract infection history
- new sex partner
- spermicide use
- age between 18 and 50 years
- age >60 years
Full details
Diagnostic tests
1st tests to order
- urinalysis
- Gram stain
- urine culture
- complete blood count
- erythrocyte sedimentation rate
- C-reactive protein
- blood culture
Full details
Tests to consider
- renal ultrasound
- contrast-enhanced spiral computed tomography
- magnetic resonance imaging
- procalcitonin
Full details
Emerging tests
- interleukin
- copeptin
Treatment algorithm
INITIAL
high index of suspicion with mild-to-moderate symptoms and uncomplicated disease
high index of suspicion with severe symptoms or complicated disease or pregnant patients
ACUTE
mild-to-moderate symptoms with uncomplicated disease
severe symptoms or complicated disease or pregnant patients
ONGOING
recurrent disease within 1 to 2 weeks
Contributors
Authors
Lynda A. Frassetto, MD
Professor of Medicine
Division of Nephrology
University of California
San Francisco
CA
Disclosures
LAF declares that she has no competing interests.
Acknowledgements
Dr Lynda A. Frassetto would like to gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Donna M. Frassetto. DMF declares that she has no competing interests.
Peer reviewers
John Lam, MD
Attending Urologist
Providence Saint Joseph Medical Center
Burbank
Assistant Clinical Professor of Urology
Department of Urology
David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
Los Angeles
CA
Disclosures
JL declares that he has no competing interests.
Robert Mactier, MD, FRCP
Consultant Nephrologist/Lead Clinician
Renal Unit
Glasgow Royal Infirmary
NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde
Glasgow
UK
Disclosures
RM declares that he has no competing interests.
Differentials
- Chronic pyelonephritis
- Pelvic inflammatory disease
- Pelvic pain syndrome
More DifferentialsGuidelines
- EAU guidelines on urological infections
- EAU guidelines on urological infections
More GuidelinesPatient information
Kidney infection
Kidney stones
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