Constipation

Overview 
Theory 
Diagnosis 
Management 
Follow up 
Resources 

Last reviewed: 25 Apr 2025

Last updated: 31 Dec 2024

Constipation is initially evaluated with a detailed history and physical exam, including a digital rectal exam.

Diagnostic evaluation may include a colonoscopy if indicated, colonic transit study, anorectal manometry, and a balloon expulsion study.

Initial treatment consists of lifestyle modification and laxatives.

Medical treatment should be tailored to the underlying etiology. If the constipation does not respond to medical treatment, patients may need specialized evaluation for pelvic floor dysfunction and biofeedback therapy. Surgery is only rarely indicated.

Definition

Chronic constipation is a polysymptomatic heterogeneous disorder. Patients define constipation on the basis of excessive straining, a sense of incomplete evacuation, failed or lengthy attempts to defecate, hard stools, and, less frequently, by the number of stools per week.[1][2][3] The American College of Gastroenterology describes constipation as unsatisfactory defecation characterized by infrequent stools, difficult stool passage, or defecation that is both infrequent and/or difficult.[4]

This topic focuses on primary constipation (acute [<3 months] and chronic [≥3 months]) and opioid-induced constipation in adults. For constipation associated with irritable bowel syndrome, see Irritable bowel syndrome. See also Constipation in children.

History and exam

Key diagnostic factors

infrequent stools
difficult defecation
sensation of incomplete evacuation
excessive straining

Full details

Other diagnostic factors

hard stools
abdominal mass
signs suggestive of underlying medical disorder
anorectal lesions
abnormality on digital rectal exam (DRE)

Full details

Risk factors

female sex
age >65 years
African ancestry
lower socioeconomic status
family history
sedentary lifestyle
low fiber intake
inadequate calorie intake
inadequate fluid intake
surgical procedures and childbirth
use of drugs that induce constipation

Full details

Diagnostic tests

1st tests to order

complete blood count (CBC)
thyroid function tests
serum electrolytes, calcium, and magnesium
blood glucose
quantitative fecal immunochemical test
abdominal x-ray
barium enema

Full details

Tests to consider

barium defecography
magnetic resonance defecography
colonoscopy
colonic transit study
anorectal manometry
balloon expulsion studies
colonic manometry

Full details

Treatment algorithm

ACUTE

opioid-induced

not opioid-induced: symptoms <3 months

ONGOING

not opioid-induced: symptoms ≥3 months

suspicion for dyssynergia or refractory to pharmacotherapy

Contributors

Authors

Satish Rao, MD, PhD, FRCP (Lon), FACG, AGAF

Professor of Medicine

Chief, Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology

Director, Digestive Health Center and Neurogastroenterology and GI Motility

Medical College of Georgia

Georgia Regents University

Augusta

Disclosures

SR serves on the advisory board for Vibrant Limited, Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, Viatris Pharmaceuticals, Laborie Medical Technologies, Atmo Biosciences, Ardelyx, Neurogut, Biora Therapeutics, Valeant Pharmaceuticals, Neurogut, Inc., and Takeda Pharmaceuticals. SR is an author of a number of references cited in this topic.

Dariush Shahsavari, MD

Senior Gastroenterology Fellow

Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology

Augusta University

Augusta

Disclosures

DS declares that he has no competing interests.

Acknowledgements

Dr Satish Rao and Dr Dariush Shahsavari would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Amol Sharma, Dr Humberto Sifuentes, and Dr Ashok Attaluri, previous contributors to this topic.

Disclosures

AS declares that he is on the advisory board for Ironwood Pharmaceuticals. HS declares that he has no competing interests. AA is an author of one reference cited in this topic.

Peer reviewers

Stefan Muller-Lissner, MD

Professor

Abteilung fur Innere Medizin

Park-Klinik Weissensee

Berlin

Germany

Disclosures

SML declares that he has no competing interests.

Eamonn M.M. Quigley, MD, FRCP, FACP, FACG, FRCPI

Professor of Medicine and Human Physiology

Department of Medicine

Clinical Sciences Building

Cork University Hospital

Cork

Ireland

Disclosures

EMMQ has served as a consultant or on advisory boards for the following companies: Sucampo, Movetis, Norgine, Procter and Gamble, Boehringer Ingelheim, Reckitts Benckiser, Schering, Novartis, Salix, Ironwood, and McNeill Consumer Health and has been paid for his time involved. EMMQ is an author of several references cited in this topic.

Ned Snyder, MD

Chief of Gastroenterology and Hepatology

Kelsey-Seybold Clinic

Adjunct Professor of Medicine

University of Texas Medical Branch

Houston

Disclosures

Not disclosed.

References

Our in-house evidence and editorial teams collaborate with international expert contributors and peer reviewers to ensure that we provide access to the most clinically relevant information possible.

Key articles

Bharucha AE, Dorn SD, Lembo A, et al. American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement on constipation. Gastroenterology. 2013 Jan;144(1):211-7.Full text Abstract

Serra J, Pohl D, Azpiroz F, et al. European society of neurogastroenterology and motility guidelines on functional constipation in adults. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2020 Feb;32(2):e13762.Full text Abstract

Paquette IM, Varma M, Ternent C, et al. The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons' clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of constipation. Dis Colon Rectum. 2016 Jun;59(6):479-92. Abstract

Crockett SD, Greer KB, Heidelbaugh JJ, et al. American Gastroenterological Association Institute guideline on the medical management of opioid-induced constipation. Gastroenterology. 2019 Jan;156(1):218-26.Full text Abstract

Chang L, Chey WD, Imdad A, et al. American Gastroenterological Association-American College of Gastroenterology clinical practice guideline: pharmacological management of chronic idiopathic constipation. Am J Gastroenterol. 2023 Jun 1;118(6):936-54.Full text Abstract

Reference articles

A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.

Differentials
- Anal fissure
- Hypercalcemia
- Hypothyroidism
More Differentials
Guidelines
- Pharmacological Management of Chronic Idiopathic Constipation
- A proactive approach to bladder and bowel management in adults
More Guidelines
Patient information
Constipation
More Patient information
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Constipation

Summary

Definition

History and exam

Key diagnostic factors

Other diagnostic factors

Risk factors

Diagnostic tests

1st tests to order

Tests to consider

Treatment algorithm

opioid-induced

not opioid-induced: symptoms <3 months

not opioid-induced: symptoms ≥3 months

suspicion for dyssynergia or refractory to pharmacotherapy

Contributors

Authors

Satish Rao, MD, PhD, FRCP (Lon), FACG, AGAF

Disclosures

Dariush Shahsavari, MD

Disclosures

Acknowledgements

Disclosures

Peer reviewers

Stefan Muller-Lissner, MD

Disclosures

Eamonn M.M. Quigley, MD, FRCP, FACP, FACG, FRCPI

Disclosures

Ned Snyder, MD

Disclosures

References

Key articles

Reference articles

A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.

Differentials

Guidelines

Patient information

Log in or subscribe to access all of BMJ Best Practice

Log in or subscribe to access all of BMJ Best Practice

Log in to access all of BMJ Best Practice