When viewing this topic in a different language, you may notice some differences in the way the content is structured, but it still reflects the latest evidence-based guidance.

Última revisão: 17 Jan 2026
Última atualização: 19 Aug 2025

Resumo

Definição

História e exame físico

Principais fatores diagnósticos

  • winter season
  • current influenza outbreak
  • unvaccinated
  • fever with cough

Outros fatores diagnósticos

  • sore throat
  • cervical lymphadenopathy
  • dyspnoea

Fatores de risco

  • age ≥65 years
  • age 6-59 months
  • chronic cardiovascular or respiratory conditions
  • diabetes
  • haemoglobinopathy
  • immunocompromised status
  • chronic kidney disease (CKD)
  • pregnancy
  • carers and household contacts of high-risk groups
  • healthcare workers

Investigações diagnósticas

Investigações a serem consideradas

  • molecular assays
  • antigen detection tests
  • viral culture
  • serology
  • chest x-ray

Algoritmo de tratamento

Colaboradores

Autores

Kyle Eggleton, MBChB PhD FRNZCGP(Dist)

Associate Dean Rural

Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care

University of Auckland

Auckland

New Zealand

Declarações

KE declares that he has no competing interests.

Rachel Roskvist, MBChB, FRNZCGP, MHSc

Senior Lecturer

Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care

University of Auckland

Auckland

New Zealand

Declarações

RR declares that she has no competing interests.

Bruce Arroll, MBChB PhD FRNZCGP

Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care

University of Auckland

Auckland

New Zealand

Declarações

BA declares that he has no competing interests.

Agradecimentos

Dr Kyle Eggleton, Dr Rachel Roskvist, and Professor Bruce Arroll would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Cristine Radojicic, a previous contributor to this topic.

Declarações

CR declares that she is on Advisory boards for CSL Behring and Speakers Bureau Biocryst.

Revisores

Michael Ison, MD

Chief

Respiratory Diseases Branch

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

Bethesda

MD

Divulgaciones

MI declares that he has no competing interests.

Waleed Javaid, MD, FACP, FIDSA

Associate Professor

Medical Director of Infection Control

Infectious Disease

Department of Medicine

SUNY Upstate Medical University

Syracuse

NY

Divulgaciones

WJ declares that he has no competing interests.

Rachel L. Miller, MD, FAAAAI

Associate Professor of Clinical Medicine and Environmental Health Sciences

Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons

New York

NY

Divulgaciones

RLM declares that she has no competing interests.

Mark Sands, MD, FAAAAI

Chief

SUNY Buffalo School of Medicine

Division Allergy and Immunology

Buffalo

NY

Divulgaciones

MS declares that he has no competing interests.

An De Sutter, MD, PhD

Associate Professor

Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care

Ghent University

Ghent

Belgium

Divulgaciones

ADS declares that she has no competing interests.

Agradecimiento de los revisores por pares

Los temas de BMJ Best Practice se actualizan de forma continua de acuerdo con los desarrollos en la evidencia y en las guías. Los revisores por pares listados aquí han revisado el contenido al menos una vez durante la historia del tema.

Divulgaciones

Las afiliaciones y divulgaciones de los revisores por pares se refieren al momento de la revisión.

References

Our in-house evidence and editorial teams collaborate with international expert contributors and peer reviewers to ensure that we provide access to the most clinically relevant information possible.

Key articles

Uyeki TM, Bernstein HH, Bradley JS, et al. Clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America: 2018 update on diagnosis, treatment, chemoprophylaxis, and institutional outbreak management of seasonal influenza. Clin Infect Dis. 2019 Mar 5;68(6):e1-47.Full text  Abstract

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Influenza (flu). Feb 2024 [internet publication].Full text

C​enters for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices - United States, 2024-25 Influenza Season. Aug 2024 [internet publication].Full text  Abstract

UK Health Security Agency. Annual flu programme. May 2025 [internet publication].Full text

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. ​Child and adolescent immunization schedule by age (addendum updated July 2, 2025): recommendations for ages 18 years or younger, United States, 2025. Jul 2025 [internet publication].Full text

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Adult immunization schedule by age (addendum updated July 2, 2025): recommendations for ages 19 years or older, United States, 2025. Jul 2025 [internet publication].Full text

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Influenza antiviral medications: summary for clinicians. Dec 2023 [internet publication].Full text

Reference articles

A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available here.

Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer