Influenza infection

Uyeki TM, Bernstein HH, Bradley JS, et al. Clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America: 2018 update on diagnosis, treatment, chemoprophylaxis, and institutional outbreak management of seasonal influenza. Clin Infect Dis. 2019 Mar 5;68(6):e1-47.Full text  Abstract

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Influenza (flu). Feb 2024 [internet publication].Full text

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR): prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices — United States, 2023–24 Influenza Season. Aug 2023. [internet publication].Full text

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Child and adolescent immunization schedule: recommendations for ages 18 years or younger, United States, 2024. Nov 2023 [internet publication].Full text

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Adult immunization schedule by age: recommendations for ages 19 years or older, United States, 2024. Nov 2023 [internet publication].Full text

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Influenza antiviral medications: summary for clinicians. Dec 2023 [internet publication].Full text

1. Brankston G, Gitterman L, Hirji Z, et al. Transmission of influenza A in human beings. Lancet Infect Dis. 2007 Apr;7(4):257-65. Abstract

2. Uyeki TM, Bernstein HH, Bradley JS, et al. Clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America: 2018 update on diagnosis, treatment, chemoprophylaxis, and institutional outbreak management of seasonal influenza. Clin Infect Dis. 2019 Mar 5;68(6):e1-47.Full text  Abstract

3. Neuzil KM, Wright PF, Mitchel EF Jr, et al. The burden of influenza illness in children with asthma and other chronic medical conditions. J Pediatr. 2000 Dec;137(6):856-64. Abstract

4. Martin CM, Kunin CM, Gottlieb LS, et al. Asian influenza A in Boston, 1957-1958. Arch Intern Med. 1959 Apr;103(4):515-31. Abstract

5. Nicholson K, Wood JM, Zambon M, et al. Influenza. Lancet. 2003 Nov 22;362(9397):1733-45. Abstract

6. Zimmer SM, Burke DS. Historical perspective - Emergence of influenza A (H1N1) viruses. N Engl J Med. 2009 Jul 16;361(3):279-85. Abstract

7. Australian Government Department of Health. Australian influenza surveillance report. No. 12, 2017. Oct 2017 [internet publication].Full text

8. Uyeki TM, Wentworth DE, Jernigan DB. Influenza activity in the US during the 2020-2021 season. JAMA. 2021 Jun 8;325(22):2247-8. Abstract

9. UK Health Security Agency. Surveillance of influenza and other seasonal respiratory viruses in the UK. Jul 2023 [internet publication].Full text

10. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Influenza (Flu): Disease Burden of Flu. [internet publication].Full text

11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Reconstruction of the 1918 influenza pandemic virus. Dec 2019 [internet publication].Full text

12. Stephenson I, Zambon M. The epidemiology of influenza. Occup Med (Lond). 2002 Aug;52(5):241-7. Abstract

13. Klimov A, Rocha E, Hayden FG, et al. Prolonged shedding of amantadine-resistant influenza A viruses by immunodeficient patients: detection by polymerase chain reaction-restriction analysis. J Infect Dis. 1995 Nov;172(5):1352-5. Abstract

14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Estimates of deaths associated with seasonal influenza - United States, 1976-2007. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010 Aug 27;59(33):1057-62.Full text  Abstract

15. Kostova D, Reed C, Finelli L, et al. Influenza illness and hospitalizations averted by influenza vaccination in the United States, 2005-2011. PLoS One. 2013 Jun 19;8(6):e6631.Full text  Abstract

16. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Influenza (flu). Feb 2024 [internet publication].Full text

17. Committee on Infectious Diseases. Recommendations for prevention and control of influenza in children, 2023-2024. Pediatrics. 2023 Aug 29.Full text  Abstract

18. Hutchinson AF, Ghimire AK, Thompson MA, et al. A community-based, time-matched, case-control study of respiratory viruses and exacerbations of COPD. Respir Med. 2007 Dec;101(12):2472-81. Abstract

19. Kopsaftis Z, Wood-Baker R, Poole P. Influenza vaccine for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Jun 26;(6):CD002733.Full text  Abstract

20. Bekkat-Berkani R, Wilkinson T, Buchy P, et al. Seasonal influenza vaccination in patients with COPD: a systematic literature review. BMC Pulm Med. 2017 May 3;17(1):79.Full text  Abstract

21. Nichol KL, Nordin J, Mullooly J, et al. Influenza vaccination and reduction in hospitalizations for cardiac disease and stroke among the elderly. N Engl J Med. 2003 Apr 3;348(14):1322-32.Full text  Abstract

22. Dos Santos G, Tahrat H, Bekkat-Berkani R. Immunogenicity, safety, and effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccination in patients with diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2018;14(8):1853-66.Full text  Abstract

23. Orzeck EA, Shi N, Blumentals WA. Oseltamivir and the risk of influenza-related complications and hospitalizations in patients with diabetes. Clin Ther. 2007 Oct;29(10):2246-55. Abstract

24. Mehta SR, Afenyi-Annan A, Byrns PJ, et al. Opportunities to improve outcomes in sickle cell disease. Am Fam Physician. 2006 Jul 15;74(2):303-10. Abstract

25. Kim YJ, Boeckh M, Englund JA. Community respiratory virus infections in immunocompromised patients: hematopoietic stem cell and solid organ transplant recipients, and individuals with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2007 Apr;28(2):222-42. Abstract

26. Zhang W, Sun H, Atiquzzaman M, et al. Influenza vaccination for HIV-positive people: systematic review and network meta-analysis. Vaccine. 2018 Jun 27;36(28):4077-86. Abstract

27. Danziger-Isakov L, Kumar D, AST ID Community of Practice. Vaccination of solid organ transplant candidates and recipients: guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice. Clin Transplant. 2019 Sep;33(9):e13563. Abstract

28. Kumar D, Campbell P, Hoschler K, et al. Randomized controlled trial of adjuvanted versus nonadjuvanted influenza vaccine in kidney transplant recipients. Transplantation. 2016 Mar;100(3):662-9. Abstract

29. Beck CR, McKenzie BC, Hashim AB, et al. Influenza vaccination for immunocompromised patients: systematic review and meta-analysis from a public health policy perspective. PLoS One. 2011 Dec 22;6(12):e29249.Full text  Abstract

30. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR): prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices — United States, 2023–24 Influenza Season. Aug 2023. [internet publication].Full text

31. Hak E, Nordin J, Wei F, et al. Influence of high-risk medical conditions on the effectiveness of influenza vaccination among elderly members of 3 large managed-care organizations. Clin Infect Dis. 2002 Aug 15;35(4):370-7. Abstract

32. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendations for obstetric health care providers related to use of antiviral medications in the treatment and prevention of influenza. Sep 2022 [internet publication].Full text

33. Influenza in pregnancy: prevention and treatment: ACOG committee statement no. 7. Obstet Gynecol. 2024 Feb 1;143(2):e24-30.Full text  Abstract

34. Wen T, Arditi B, Riley LE, et al. Influenza complicating delivery hospitalization and its association with severe maternal morbidity in the United States, 2000-2018. Obstet Gynecol. 2021 Aug 1;138(2):218-27. Abstract

35. Duque J, Howe AS, Azziz-Baumgartner E, et al. Multi-decade national cohort identifies adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes associated with acute respiratory illness hospitalisations during the influenza season. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2023 Jan;17(1):e13063.Full text  Abstract

36. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Immunization of health-care personnel: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep. 2011 Nov 25;60(RR-7):1-45.Full text  Abstract

37. Bernstein HH, Starke JR; American Academy of Pediatrics; et al. Policy statement - recommendation for mandatory influenza immunization of all health care personnel. Pediatrics. 2010 Oct;126(4):809-15. Abstract

38. Lazarus R, Baos S, Cappel-Porter H, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of concomitant administration of COVID-19 vaccines (ChAdOx1 or BNT162b2) with seasonal influenza vaccines in adults in the UK (ComFluCOV): a multicentre, randomised, controlled, phase 4 trial. Lancet. 2021 Dec 18;398(10318):2277-87.Full text  Abstract

39. Jackson LA, Gaglani MJ, Keyserling HL, et al. Safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity of an inactivated influenza vaccine in healthy adults: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial over two influenza seasons. BMC Infect Dis. 2010 Mar 17;10:71. Abstract

40. Beyer WE, Nauta JJ, Palache AM, et al. Immunogenicity and safety of inactivated influenza vaccines in primed populations: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Vaccine. 2011 Aug 5;29(34):5785-92. Abstract

41. Demicheli V, Jefferson T, Ferroni E, et al. Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Feb 1;(2):CD001269.Full text  Abstract

42. Bitterman R, Eliakim-Raz N, Vinograd I, et al. Influenza vaccines in immunosuppressed adults with cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Feb 1;(2):CD008983.Full text  Abstract

43. Jefferson T, Rivetti A, Di Pietrantonj C, et al. Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Feb 1;(2):CD004879.Full text  Abstract

44. Demicheli V, Jefferson T, Di Pietrantonj C, et al. Vaccines for preventing influenza in the elderly. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Feb 1;(2):CD004876.Full text  Abstract

45. Rondy M, El Omeiri N, Thompson MG, et al. Effectiveness of influenza vaccines in preventing severe influenza illness among adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of test-negative design case-control studies. J Infect. 2017 Nov;75(5):381-94.Full text  Abstract

46. Vasileiou E, Sheikh A, Butler C, et al. Effectiveness of influenza vaccines in asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Oct 15;65(8):1388-95.Full text  Abstract

47. Olson SM, Newhams MM, Halasa NB, et al. Vaccine effectiveness against life-threatening influenza illness in US children. Clin Infect Dis. 2022 Aug 25;75(2):230-8.Full text  Abstract

48. Ferdinands JM, Thompson MG, Blanton L, et al. Does influenza vaccination attenuate the severity of breakthrough infections? A narrative review and recommendations for further research. Vaccine. 2021 Jun 23;39(28):3678-95. Abstract

49. Chung JR, Kim SS, Flannery B, et al. Vaccine-associated attenuation of subjective severity among outpatients with influenza. Vaccine. 2022 Jul 30;40(32):4322-7. Abstract

50. Committee on Infectious Diseases. Recommendations for prevention and control of influenza in children, 2023-2024. Pediatrics. 2023 Aug 29.Full text  Abstract

51. Nunes MC, Aqil AR, Omer SB, Madhi SA. The effects of influenza vaccination during pregnancy on birth outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Perinatol. 2016 Sep;33(11):1104-14.Full text  Abstract

52. Polyzos KA, Konstantelias AA, Pitsa CE, et al. Maternal influenza vaccination and risk for congenital malformations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 2015 Nov;126(5):1075-84. Abstract

53. Sukumaran L, McCarthy NL, Kharbanda EO, et al. Infant hospitalizations and mortality after maternal vaccination. Pediatrics. 2018 Mar;141(3):e20173310.Full text  Abstract

54. Panagiotakopoulos L, McCarthy NL, Tepper NK, et al. Evaluating the association of stillbirths after maternal vaccination in the vaccine safety datalink. Obstet Gynecol. 2020 Dec;136(6):1086-94.Full text  Abstract

55. Wolfe DM, Fell D, Garritty C, et al. Safety of influenza vaccination during pregnancy: a systematic review. BMJ Open. 2023 Sep 6;13(9):e066182.Full text  Abstract

56. Thompson MG, Kwong JC, Regan AK, et al; PREVENT Workgroup. Influenza vaccine effectiveness in preventing influenza-associated hospitalizations during pregnancy: a multi-country retrospective test negative design study, 2010-2016. Clin Infect Dis. 2019 Apr 24;68(9):1444-53.Full text  Abstract

57. Nunes MC, Madhi SA. Influenza vaccination during pregnancy for prevention of influenza confirmed illness in the infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2017 Mar 4;14(3):758-66.Full text  Abstract

58. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC Yellow Book 2024: health information for international travel. Section 5: travel-associated infections & diseases - influenza. May 2023. [internet publication].Full text

59. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Child and adolescent immunization schedule: recommendations for ages 18 years or younger, United States, 2024. Nov 2023 [internet publication].Full text

60. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Adult immunization schedule by age: recommendations for ages 19 years or older, United States, 2024. Nov 2023 [internet publication].Full text

61. Fukuda K, Kieny MP. Different approaches to influenza vaccination. N Engl J Med. 2006 Dec 14;355(24):2586-7.Full text  Abstract

62. Wilde JA, McMillan JA, Serwint J, et al. Effectiveness of influenza vaccine in health care professionals: a randomized trial. JAMA. 1999 Mar 10;281(10):908-13.Full text  Abstract

63. Bridges CB, Thompson WW, Meltzer MI, et al. Effectiveness and cost-benefit of influenza vaccination of healthy working adults: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2000 Oct 4;284(13):1655-63.Full text  Abstract

64. Edwards KM, Dupont WD, Westrich MK, et al. A randomized controlled trial of cold-adapted and inactivated vaccines for the prevention of influenza A disease. J Infect Dis. 1994 Jan;169(1):68-76. Abstract

65. Ohmit SE, Victor JC, Rotthoff JR, et al. Prevention of antigenically drifted influenza by inactivated and live attenuated vaccines. N Engl J Med. 2006 Dec 14;355(24):2513-22.Full text  Abstract

66. DiazGranados CA, Denis M, Plotkin S. Seasonal influenza vaccine efficacy and its determinants in children and non-elderly adults: a systematic review with meta-analyses of controlled trials. Vaccine. 2012 Dec 17;31(1):49-57. Abstract

67. Manzoli L, Ioannidis JP, Flacco ME, et al. Effectiveness and harms of seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccines in children, adults and elderly: a critical review and re-analysis of 15 meta-analyses. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2012 Jul;8(7):851-62.Full text  Abstract

68. Osterholm MT, Kelley NS, Sommer A, et al. Efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccines: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2012 Jan;12(1):36-44. Abstract

69. Monto AS, Rotthoff J, Teich E, et al. Detection and control of outbreaks in well-vaccinated nursing home populations. Clin Infect Dis. 2004 Aug 15;39(4):459-64. Abstract

70. Nichol KL, Nordin JD, Nelson DB, et al. Effectiveness of influenza vaccine in the community-dwelling elderly. N Engl J Med. 2007 Oct 4;357(14):1373-81.Full text  Abstract

71. De Villiers PJ, Steele AD, Hiemstra LA, et al. Efficacy and safety of a live attenuated influenza vaccine in adults 60 years of age and older. Vaccine. 2009 Dec 10;28(1):228-34. Abstract

72. Jefferson T, Rivetti D, Rivetti A, et al. Efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccines in elderly people: a systematic review. Lancet. 2005 Oct 1;366(9492):1165-74. Abstract

73. Armstrong BG, Mangtani P, Fletcher A, et al. Effect of influenza vaccination on excess deaths occurring during periods of high circulation of influenza: cohort study in elderly people. BMJ. 2004 Sep 18;329(7467):660.Full text  Abstract

74. Cools HJ, Gussekloo J, Remmerswaal JE, et al. Benefits of increasing the dose of influenza vaccine in residents of long-term care facilities: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. J Med Virol. 2009 May;81(5):908-14. Abstract

75. DiazGranados CA, Dunning AJ, Kimmel M, et al. Efficacy of high-dose versus standard-dose influenza vaccine in older adults. N Engl J Med. 2014 Aug 14;371(7):635-45.Full text  Abstract

76. Nace DA, Lin CJ, Ross TM, et al. Randomized, controlled trial of high-dose influenza vaccine among frail residents of long-term care facilities. J Infect Dis. 2015 Jun 15;211(12):1915-24.Full text  Abstract

77. Lee JKH, Lam GKL, Shin T, et al. Efficacy and effectiveness of high-dose versus standard-dose influenza vaccination for older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2018 May 16;17(5):435-43. Abstract

78. Samson SI, Leventhal PS, Salamand C, et al. Immunogenicity of high-dose trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2019 Feb 13;18(3):295-308. Abstract

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83. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Information for clinicians on influenza virus testing. Dec 2023 [internet publication].Full text

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87. American Society for Microbiology, American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science and American Society for Clinical Pathology. Five things physicians and patients should question. Choosing Wisely, an initiative of the ABIM Foundation. 2022 [internet publication].Full text

88. Vesikari T, Beran J, Durviaux S, et al. Use of real-time polymerase chain reaction (rtPCR) as a diagnostic tool for influenza infection in a vaccine efficacy trial. J Clin Virol. 2012 Jan;53(1):22-8. Abstract

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130. Wang K, Shun-Shin M, Gill P, et al. Neuraminidase inhibitors for preventing and treating influenza in children (published trials only). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Apr 18;(1):CD002744.Full text  Abstract

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133. Campbell AP, Tokars JI, Reynolds S, et al. Influenza antiviral treatment and length of stay. Pediatrics. 2021 Oct;148(4):e2021050417.Full text  Abstract

134. Ison MG, Portsmouth S, Yoshida Y, et al. Early treatment with baloxavir marboxil in high-risk adolescent and adult outpatients with uncomplicated influenza (CAPSTONE-2): a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020 Oct;20(10):1204-14. Abstract

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