Summary
Definition
History and exam
Key diagnostic factors
- presence of risk factors
- fevers and night sweats
- weight loss
- skin rashes and post-inflammatory scars
- oral ulcers, angular cheilitis, oral thrush, or oral hairy leukoplakia
- diarrhoea
- wasting syndrome
- changes in mental status or neuropsychiatric function
- recent hospital admissions
- tuberculosis (TB)
- medical comorbidities
- sexual activity
- generalised lymphadenopathy
- Kaposi's sarcoma
- genital STDs
- chronic vaginal candidiasis
- shingles
- headaches
- periodontal disease
- retinal lesions on fundoscopy
- shortness of breath on exertion, cyanosis on exertion, dry cough, silent chest on auscultation
Other diagnostic factors
- current and prior use of other substances
- peripheral neuropathy
- recurrent herpes simplex
- hepatomegaly or splenomegaly
- meningeal signs (bacterial or viral meningitis)
Risk factors
- needle sharing with intravenous drug use
- unprotected receptive anal intercourse
- unprotected receptive penile-vaginal sexual intercourse
- percutaneous needle stick injury
- high maternal viral load (mother to child transmission)
- use of progestin-only injectable contraceptives
- herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection
Diagnostic investigations
1st investigations to order
- serum HIV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
- serum HIV rapid test
- HIV non-invasive tests
- serum Western blot
- serum p24 antigen
- serum HIV DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
- CD4 count
- serum viral load (HIV RNA)
- drug resistance testing
- pregnancy test
- serum hepatitis B serology
- serum hepatitis C serology
- serum venereal disease research laboratory test
- Treponema pallidum haemagglutination test
- rapid plasma reagin
- tuberculin skin test
- FBC with differential
- serum electrolytes
- serum creatinine
- urinalysis
Investigations to consider
- chest x-ray
- liver function tests (LFTs)
- lipid profile
- plasma glucose
- hepatitis A serology (IgG)
- toxoplasma serology (IgG)
- gonorrhoea and chlamydia testing
- human leukocyte antigen-B*5701 testing
Treatment algorithm
Contributors
Authors VIEW ALL
Assistant Professor of Medicine
Infectious Diseases
Northwestern Memorial Hospital
Chicago
IL
Disclosures
CJA has been a member of an advisory board on HIV, aging and telomeres for Viiv, and has done consultant work as a member of DSMBs for ABIVAX, Atea, and Biotron. He has also received a grant for Investigator Sponsored Research from Gilead.
Dr Chad J Achenbach would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Richard Rothman, Dr Michael Ehmann, Dr Linda-Gail Bekker, Dr Catherine Orrell, and Dr Lisa Capaldini, the previous contributors to this topic. ME, LGB, and CO declare that they have no competing interests. RR attended a symposium/conference hosted by a funding agency, Gilead HIV FOCUS program, from which he receives research funds. RR pays staff for an implementation/research program grant from Gilead HIV FOCUS for development of HIV testing programs in Emergency Departments. LC is on the speakers' bureau for the following pharmaceutical companies: GlaxoSmithKline, BMS, Merck, Gilead, Roche, Pfizer, Solvay, Lilly, Serrano, and Tibotec.
Peer reviewers VIEW ALL
Clinical Assistant Professor
University of British Columbia
Vancouver
Canada
Disclosures
MH is a member of an advisory board and/or speakers' bureau for Gilead Sciences Canada Inc, Merck Canada Inc, and ViiV Healthcare.
Assistant Professor of Medicine
Harvard Medical School
Director of Research
Global Health Delivery Project
Harvard School of Public Health
Boston
MA
Disclosures
WR declares that he has no competing interests.
Infectious Disease Physician
Oxford University Clinical Research Unit
Hospital for Tropical Diseases
Ho Chi Minh City
Vietnam
Disclosures
JD declares that he has no competing interests.
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