Summary
Definition
History and exam
Key diagnostic factors
- presence of risk factors
- asymptomatic
- candidal infections
- skin infections
- urinary tract infections
Other diagnostic factors
- fatigue
- blurred vision
- polydipsia
- polyphagia
- polyuria
- paraesthesias
- nocturia
- unintentional weight loss
- acanthosis nigricans
Risk factors
- older age
- overweight/obesity
- gestational diabetes
- pre-diabetes
- family history of type 2 diabetes
- non-white ancestry
- physical inactivity
- polycystic ovary syndrome
- hypertension
- dyslipidaemia
- cardiovascular disease
- stress
Diagnostic investigations
1st investigations to order
- HbA1c
- fasting plasma glucose
- random plasma glucose
- 2-hour post-load glucose after 75 g oral glucose
Investigations to consider
- fasting lipid profile
- urine ketones
- random C-peptide
- urinary albumin excretion
- serum creatinine and estimated GFR
- ECG
- ankle-brachial index (ABI)
- dilated retinal examination
Treatment algorithm
Contributors
Authors
Senior Clinical Investigator
HealthPartners Institute
Minneapolis
MN
Disclosures
PJO receives research funding from the National Institutes of Health on multiple projects. PJO is an author of a number of references cited in this topic.
Senior Clinical Investigator
HealthPartners Institute
Minneapolis
MN
Disclosures
JMS-H is an author of a number of references cited in this topic. She is an inventor on a US patent for Disease Treatment Simulation, a simulation-based technology developed without commercial support to educate health providers on chronic disease management in a virtual environment.
Peer reviewers
Medical Director
Clinical Improvement Group Health Cooperative
Seattle
WA
Disclosures
DKM declares that he has no competing interests.
Associate Professor
Director of Diabetes and Endocrinology
Cairns Base Hospital and Diabetes Centre
Queensland
Australia
Disclosures
AKS declares that he has no competing interests.
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