Diabetic cardiovascular disease

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Última revisão: 26 Nov 2025

Última atualização: 25 Sep 2025

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in people with diabetes.

People with diabetes have up to a fourfold increased risk of stroke and are twice as likely to die after myocardial infarction than people without diabetes.

Regular physical activity, medical nutrition therapy, and smoking cessation or non-initiation are important lifestyle changes for the primary prevention of CVD.

Selected glucose-lowering drugs reduce all-cause and cardiovascular (CV) mortality. Addition of a sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor or a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist is strongly recommended in patients with established atherosclerotic CVD, those at high CV risk, and/or those with chronic kidney disease. SGLT2 inhibitors are also indicated in patients with heart failure.

Aggressive treatment of hypertension, use of lipid-lowering therapy, preventive anticoagulation, and coronary revascularization (percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty or coronary artery bypass graft surgery during episodes of acute coronary syndrome) can lead to improved survival.

Definição

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia, resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.[1] The chronic hyperglycemia of diabetes is associated with long-term damage, dysfunction, and failure of various organs, especially the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and blood vessels.[1] Diabetes is an established major risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease, including coronary artery disease (CAD), cerebrovascular disease (stroke or transient ischemic attack), and peripheral arterial disease.[2] This topic will discuss CAD in greatest detail.

História e exame físico

Principais fatores diagnósticos

chest pain
dyspnea on exertion
hypotension
rales
S3 gallop
hypertension
nausea
diaphoresis
tachycardia
indigestion

Detalhes completos

Outros fatores diagnósticos

unilateral weakness, numbness, and/or tingling
headache
intermittent claudication
bruits
aphasia
hemisensory loss
cranial nerve palsies
seizures
vertigo
limb pain at rest
diminished/absent lower extremity pulses
ulcers or gangrene
peripheral edema
smooth shiny skin with hair loss
pallor

Detalhes completos

Fatores de risco

cigarette smoking
hypertension
dyslipidemia
poor glycemic control
physical inactivity
overweight and obesity
albuminuria
chronic kidney disease (CKD)
elevated C-reactive protein
family history of CVD
female sex
gestational diabetes
mental illness
metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (previously nonalcoholic fatty liver disease)
suboptimal sleep
atrial fibrillation

Detalhes completos

Investigações diagnósticas

Primeiras investigações a serem solicitadas

HbA1c
lipid profile

Detalhes completos

Investigações a serem consideradas

B natriuretic peptide (BNP)/N-terminal prohormone B-natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP)
transthoracic doppler echocardiogram
exercise ECG
exercise (stress) imaging test
pharmacologic (stress) imaging test
cardiac MRI or stress cardiac MRI
ankle-brachial index (ABI)
CT coronary angiography
CT coronary calcium scan
invasive coronary angiography
noncontrast head CT
brain MRI
duplex ultrasonography of carotid arteries
C-reactive protein
chest x-ray

Detalhes completos

Algoritmo de tratamento

Inicial

acute myocardial infarction or unstable angina

AGUDA

highly significant coronary artery disease: without acute myocardial infarction or unstable angina

CONTÍNUA

diabetic cardiovascular disease: stable and/or after intervention

Colaboradores

Autores

Mohamed Al-Kazaz, MD

Assistant Professor of Medicine (Cardiology)

Section Chief, General Cardiology

Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine

Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine

Bluhm Cardiovascular Institute

Northwestern Memorial Hospital

Chicago

Declarações

MA has received research grants from Kiniksa Pharmaceuticals, Ventyx BioSciences, and Cardiol Therapeutics. He has also received speaking honoraria from Kiniksa Pharmaceuticals and consulting fees from Edwards Lifesciences.

Agradecimentos

Dr Mohamed Al-Kazaz would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Alexander Meyer, Dr Laura Davidson, Dr Charles Davidson, and Dr Leonard E. Egede, the previous contributors to this topic, and would like to gratefully acknowledge the review by Dr Shreenidhi Venuraju, MB BS, MRCP, Wellington Hospital South, UK.

Declarações

AM, LD, CD, and LE declare that they have no competing interests. LEE is an author of a number of references cited in this topic. SV not disclosed.

Revisores

Irfan Moinuddin, MD

Assistant Professor

Chicago Medical School

Rosalind Franklin University

Lombard

Declarações

IM declares that he has no competing interests.

David Leehey, MD

Medical Director

Hines VA Hospital

Hines

Declarações

DL declares that he has no competing interests.

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Referências

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Principais artigos

Marx N, Federici M, Schütt K, et al. 2023 ESC guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. Eur Heart J. 2023 Oct 14;44(39):4043-140.Texto completo Resumo

American Diabetes Association. Standards of care in diabetes - 2025. Diabetes Care. 2025 Jan 1;48(suppl 1):S14-352.Texto completo

Joseph JJ, Deedwania P, Acharya T, et al. Comprehensive management of cardiovascular risk factors for adults with type 2 diabetes: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2022 Mar;145(9):e722-59.Texto completo Resumo

Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018 May 15;71(19):e127-248.Texto completo Resumo

Writing Committee Members; Lawton JS, Tamis-Holland JE, Bangalore S, et al. 2021 ACC/AHA/SCAI guideline for coronary artery revascularization: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association joint committee on clinical practice guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022 Jan 18;79(2):e21-129.Texto completo Resumo

Artigos de referência

Uma lista completa das fontes referenciadas neste tópico está disponível para os usuários com acesso total ao BMJ Best Practice.

Diagnósticos diferenciais
- Unstable angina
- ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)
- Non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI)
Mais Diagnósticos diferenciais
Diretrizes
- 2025 guideline for the management of patients with acute coronary syndromes
- American Association of Clinical Endocrinology clinical practice guideline on pharmacologic management of adults with dyslipidemia
Mais Diretrizes
Folhetos informativos para os pacientes
Diabetes type 2: should I take insulin?
Diabetes type 2: what treatments work?
Mais Folhetos informativos para os pacientes
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Diabetic cardiovascular disease

Resumo

Definição

História e exame físico

Principais fatores diagnósticos

Outros fatores diagnósticos

Fatores de risco

Investigações diagnósticas

Primeiras investigações a serem solicitadas

Investigações a serem consideradas

Algoritmo de tratamento

acute myocardial infarction or unstable angina

highly significant coronary artery disease: without acute myocardial infarction or unstable angina

diabetic cardiovascular disease: stable and/or after intervention

Colaboradores

Autores

Mohamed Al-Kazaz, MD

Declarações

Agradecimentos

Declarações

Revisores

Irfan Moinuddin, MD

Declarações

David Leehey, MD

Declarações

Créditos aos pareceristas

Declarações

Referências

Principais artigos

Artigos de referência

Uma lista completa das fontes referenciadas neste tópico está disponível para os usuários com acesso total ao BMJ Best Practice.

Diagnósticos diferenciais

Diretrizes

Folhetos informativos para os pacientes

Conectar-se ou assinar para acessar todo o BMJ Best Practice

Conectar-se ou assinar para acessar todo o BMJ Best Practice

Conectar-se para acessar todo o BMJ Best Practice