Summary
Definition
History and exam
Key diagnostic factors
- myasthenia gravis
- muscle weakness
- facial and upper extremity edema
- facial plethora
- distended veins in the neck, chest and/or abdominal wall
- left-arm swelling
Other diagnostic factors
- cough
- dyspnea
- fever and/or weight loss
Risk factors
- history of myasthenia gravis
- age >45 years
Diagnostic tests
Primeiras investigações a serem solicitadas
- chest x-ray
- chest CT with intravenous contrast medium
Investigações a serem consideradas
- chest MRI
- tissue biopsy
- acetylcholine receptor antibodies
- CBC
- PET/CT scan
- serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
- serum beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG)
Algoritmo de tratamento
resectable tumor
locally advanced tumor
recurrent tumor
Colaboradores
Autores
Douglas Z. Liou, MD
Clinical Associate Professor of Cardiothoracic Surgery
Division of Thoracic Surgery
Stanford University School of Medicine / Stanford Cancer Institute
Stanford
CA
Declarações
DZL declares that he has no competing interests.
Joseph B. Shrager, MD
Professor of Cardiothoracic Surgery
Chief, Division of Thoracic Surgery
Medical Director, Thoracic Oncology CCP
Stanford University School of Medicine / Stanford Cancer Institute
Stanford
CA
Declarações
JBS declares that he has no competing interests.
Nathaniel J. Myall, MD
Clinical Assistant Professor of Medical Oncology
Stanford University School of Medicine / Stanford Cancer Institute
Stanford
CA
Declarações
NJM declares that he has no competing interests.
Kavitha Ramchandran, MD
Professor of Medical Oncology
Stanford University School of Medicine / Stanford Cancer Institute
Stanford
CA
Declarações
KR has been compensated for consulting services by Varian Medical Systems and Curio Bioscience. She has served on the advisory council for Group Well and Pathomiq and has received honorarium from the Binaytara Foundation for speaking at a conference.
Lucas Kas Vitzthum, MD
Clinical Assistant Professor of Radiation Oncology
Department of Radiation Oncology
Stanford University School of Medicine
Stanford
CA
Declarações
LKV has received research funding from RefleXion Medical.
Agradecimentos
Dr Douglas Z. Liou, Dr Joseph B. Shrager, Dr Nathaniel J. Myall, Dr Kavitha Ramchandran, and Dr Lucas Kas Vitzthum would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Tracey Evans, Dr Nicholas Choong, Dr Mario Gasparri, and Dr Cameron Wright, previous contributors to this topic.
Declarações
TE has received consultancy fees from Genentech and Celgene. She is a board member of Wissahickon Hospice. Educational events include an annual thoracic educational series sponsored by Imedex. NC and MG declare that they have no competing interests. CW is an author of a number of references cited in this topic.
Revisores
Enrico Ruffini, MD
Associate Professor
Thoracic Surgery
University of Torino
Torino
Italy
Declarações
ER is an author of a reference cited in this topic.
James R. Jett, MD
Emeritus Professor of Medicine
National Jewish Health
Denver
CO
Declarações
JRJ is co-editor of the section on thymoma in Up To Date. He is also co-chief medical officer for Biodesix Inc.
Peer reviewer acknowledgements
BMJ Best Practice topics are updated on a rolling basis in line with developments in evidence and guidance. The peer reviewers listed here have reviewed the content at least once during the history of the topic.
Disclosures
Peer reviewer affiliations and disclosures pertain to the time of the review.
Referências
Principais artigos
Girard N, Ruffini E, Marx A, et al. Thymic epithelial tumours: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2015;26(suppl 5):v40-v55.Texto completo Resumo
Phan AT, Öberg K, Choi J, et al. NANETS consensus guideline for the diagnosis and management of neuroendocrine tumors: well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors of the thorax (includes lung and thymus). Pancreas. 2010;39:784-98.Texto completo Resumo
National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: thymomas and thymic carcinomas [internet publication].Texto completo
Baudin E, Caplin M, Garcia-Carbonero R, et al. Lung and thymic carcinoids: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2021 Apr;32(4):439-51.Texto completo Resumo
Artigos de referência
Uma lista completa das fontes referenciadas neste tópico está disponível para os usuários com acesso total ao BMJ Best Practice.
Diagnósticos diferenciais
- Lymphoma
- Malignant mediastinal germ cell tumor: seminoma
- Malignant mediastinal germ cell tumor: nonseminoma
Mais Diagnósticos diferenciaisDiretrizes
- NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: thymomas and thymic carcinomas
- Surgical, radiation, and systemic treatments of patients with thymic epithelial tumours
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