小结
定义
病史和体格检查
关键诊断因素
- 体位性眩晕
- 体重减轻
- 体位性低血压
- 体位性心动过速
- 休克体征
其他诊断因素
- 排尿量减少
- 腹泻
- 呕吐
- 黑粪
- 便血
- 大量胃肠道引流
- 多尿
- 经口摄入不足
- 大量出汗
- 烧伤
- 肠梗阻
- 重度胰腺炎
- 碾压伤
- 腹腔内出血
- 疲劳
- 口渴
- 黏膜干燥
- 肌肉痉挛
- 腹痛
- 胸痛
- 意识模糊
- 皮肤弹性降低
危险因素
- 利尿疗法
- 慢性肾病
- 老年人
- 意识状态改变
- 环境高温
诊断性检查
首要检查
- 全血细胞计数 (FBC)
- 血清电解质
- 血糖
- 血清尿素
- 血清肌酐
- 乳酸
- 降钙素原
- 尿液分析
- 随机尿钠
- 钠排泄分数 (FENa)
- 随机尿氯
- 随机尿肌酐
- 随机尿渗透压
- 直肠检查和大便潜血试验
需考虑的检查
- 尿液尿素/尿素排泄分数 (FEurea)
- 动脉血气
- 鼻胃管灌洗
- 粪便培养
- 腹部超声
- 腹部 CT 扫描
- 上消化道内镜检查
- 结肠镜检查
新兴检查
- 唾液渗透压
- 即时磁弛豫成像
治疗流程
出血丢失
消化道非出血性失液:呕吐和/或腹泻
过度利尿
经皮肤丢失
第三间隙积液
经肺丢失:支气管黏液溢或胸膜腔积液引流
持久的经口摄入不足
撰稿人
作者
Alonso Marquez, MD
Research Assistant
Division of Nephrology and Hypertension
Northwestern University
Chicago
IL
利益声明
AM declares that he has no competing interests.
Syed K. Haque, MD
Research Associate
Northwestern University
Feinberg School of Medicine
Chicago
IL
利益声明
SKH is an author of a reference cited in this topic.
Daniel Batlle, MD
Professor
Division of Nephrology and Hypertension
Department of Internal Medicine
Northwestern Memorial Hospital
Chicago
IL
利益声明
DB is an author of a reference cited in this topic.
鸣谢
Dr Alonso Marquez, Dr Syed K. Haque, and Dr Daniel Batlle would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Maria Aurora Posadas Salas, Dr Jason Eckel, and Dr Arthur Greenberg, previous contributors to this topic.
利益声明
MPS, JE, and AG declare that they have no competing interests.
同行评议者
Nitin Kolhe, MD
Renal Consultant
Infection Control Lead for Medical Directorate
Derby City Hospital
Derby
UK
利益声明
NK declares that he has no competing interests.
Irfan Moinuddin, MD
Assistant Professor
Chicago Medical School
Rosalind Franklin University
Lombard
IL
利益声明
IM declares that he has no competing interests.
Manish Suneja, MD
Assistant Professor
Department of Internal Medicine
Division of Nephrology
University of Iowa Hospital and Clinics
Iowa City
IA
利益声明
MS declares that he has no competing interests.
Judith H. Veis, MD
Associate Director
Nephrology
Washington Hospital Center
Washington
DC
利益声明
JHV declares that she has no competing interests.
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