小结
定义
病史和体格检查
关键诊断因素
- 存在的危险因素
- 12岁之前起病
- 既往或目前存在学业功能损害
- 当前或既往职业功能障碍
- 家庭及人际关系障碍
- 药物和酒精使用障碍
- 寻求刺激的行为
- 驾驶事故
- 无法注意细节,导致工作、学业中因粗心而出错
- 难以将注意力集中于任务
- 对话时心不在焉
- 无法遵照指令或难以完成职责和分配的任务(非误解或对抗行为所引起)
- 组织计划困难
- 回避、厌恶或不愿参加需要持续脑力劳动的任务
- 经常弄丢任务或活动的必要物品
- 日常活动中经常健忘
- 经常手脚动个不停或在座位上不停扭动
- 经常在需要保持坐立的情境中离开座位
- 经常感觉焦躁不安
- 在休闲活动中不能保持安静
- 经常忙个不停,行为像是“被马达所驱动”着
- 常常说太多的话
- 经常在问题还没有说完的情况下抢答
- 通常难以按顺序等候(例如,排队时)
- 经常插话或打扰他人(例如在交谈中插话)
- 犯罪率上升
- 易受周围或外界刺激分心
危险因素
- ADHD 家族史
- 男性
- 社会心理逆境
- 其他环境因素
诊断性检查
首要检查
- Conners成人ADHD评定量表 (Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scale)
- Brown 注意缺陷障碍量表 (Brown Attention Deficit Disorder Scale)
- 世界卫生组织成人注意缺陷多动障碍自评量表 (World Health Organization Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale)
- 文德犹他自评量表 (Wender Utah Rating Scale)
- 神经心理测验
需考虑的检查
- 尿液药物筛查
- 脑电图检查
- 脑影像学检查(CT 或 MRI)
- 多导睡眠描记术
- 基于计算机的项目
治疗流程
ADHD 不伴情绪障碍或焦虑症
ADHD 伴抑郁症(伴或不伴明显焦虑)
ADHD伴双相障碍(伴或不伴明显的焦虑)
ADHD 仅伴有焦虑障碍
撰稿人
作者
Marios Adamou, MD, MSc, LL.M, MA, MBA, PhD, FRCPsych, FFOM
Consultant Psychiatrist
South West Yorkshire NHS Partnership Foundation Trust
University of Huddersfield
Huddersfield
UK
利益声明
MA has provided consultancy to Takeda the manufacturer of Elvanse.
鸣谢
Professor Marios Adamou would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Bridget Craddock, Dr S. Nassir Ghaemi, and Dr Elizabeth A. Whitham, the previous contributors to this topic.
利益声明
BC declares that she has no competing interests. SNG has received research grants from Pfizer, served on the speakers' bureaus of Astra Zeneca and Pfizer, and received honoraria from Bristol Myers Squibb. Neither SNG nor his family hold equity positions in pharmaceutical corporations. EAW declares that she has no competing interests.
同行评议者
Gianni Faedda, MD
Lucio Bini Mood Disorders Center
New York
NY
利益声明
GF has been reimbursed by Astra Zeneca, the manufacturer of Seroquel, for attending several conferences.
David W. Goodman, MD
Assistant Professor
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
Baltimore
MD
利益声明
DWG has received research grants from Shire Pharmaceuticals. DWG has received speaking fees from Neuroscience Education Institute, Temple University, American Professional Society of ADHD and Related Disorders, Medscape, and WebMD. DWG has been a paid consultant to American Physician Institute for Advanced Professional Studies, Prescriber's Letter, Consumer Reports, Thomson Reuters, GuidePoint Global, Shire Pharmaceuticals, McNeil Pediatrics, Cephalon, Teva Pharmaceuticals, Lundbeck, Otsuka Pharmaceuticals, and Novartis.
鉴别诊断
- 成人抑郁症
- 成人双相情感障碍
- 广泛焦虑症和其他焦虑障碍
更多 鉴别诊断指南
- 精神障碍诊断与统计手册(第 5 版文本修订)[DSM-5-TR]
- 成人 ADHD 作业治疗干预建议:来自英国成人 ADHD 网络的共识声明
更多 指南患者教育信息
何为 ADHD?
青少年和成人 ADHD 患者的应对策略
更多 患者教育信息- 登录或订阅即可浏览 BMJ Best Practice 临床实践完整内容
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