小结
消化不良是一个症状或症状组合,可提醒临床医生存在上消化道问题。典型症状包括上腹痛或烧灼感、早饱、餐后饱胀感、呃逆、腹胀、恶心、上腹部不适。症状是本评估主题的主要关注点;因此在描述症状时,要以与患者想关的角度和方式来描述。[1]Vakil NB, Halling K, Becher A, et al. Systematic review of patient-reported outcome instruments for gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013 Jan;25(1):2-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23202695?tool=bestpractice.com
临床医生在开展以症状为基础的 UGI 症状评估时,需要知道这种方法本身具有诊断不确定性。这些评估可以提供功能运作性诊断,但常常有错误分类的风险。无法仅根据症状进行确诊的一个重要后果是过度诊断 GORD 以及不能充分识别幽门螺杆菌相关的疾病。定期重新评估可以增加安全性,但重新评估的时间安排和频率应当个体化。[2]World Gastroenterology Organisation. World Gastroenterology Organisation global guidelines: coping with common GI symptoms in the community. May 2013 [internet publication]. http://www.worldgastroenterology.org/guidelines/global-guidelines/common-gi-symptoms/common-gi-symptoms-english
消化不良的命名很混乱。 这主要是因为有些医学组织把所有上消化道症状都包含在消化不良这个术语中,然后把存在提示 GORD 症状的患者分出来,实施合适的诊治;而其他组织承认不同的上消化道原因之间,症状有重叠,但是选择先将提示 GORD 的症状分出来,然后应用消化不良这个术语。 两种方法都建议识别有症状提示 GORD 的患者,然后将这些患者作为患有反流性疾病加以诊治。
美国胃肠病学院 (American College of Gastroenterology, ACG) 和加拿大胃肠病协会 (Canadian Association of Gastroenterology, CAG) 发布了关于治疗消化不良的联合指南。[3]Moayyedi PM, Lacy BE, Andrews CN, et al. ACG and CAG clinical guideline: management of dyspepsia. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017 Jul;112(7):988-1013. https://journals.lww.com/ajg/fulltext/2017/07000/ACG_and_CAG_Clinical_Guideline__Management_of.10.aspx http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28631728?tool=bestpractice.com 指南中所使用的消化不良操作性定义主要针对上腹疼痛。指南制定者知道患者可能会出现恶心、呕吐或腹胀,但如果患者的主要问题是上腹疼痛,则应将其视为消化不良患者进行治疗。
美国胃肠病协会一项关于消化不良评估的技术审评排除了症状提示 GORD 的患者,仅纳入具有典型症状的患者。[4]Talley NJ, Vakil NB, Moayyedi P. AGA technical review: evaluation of dyspepsia. Gastroenterology. 2005 Nov;129(5):1756-80. http://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085%2805%2901818-4/fulltext http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16285971?tool=bestpractice.com 美国胃肠病学院发布了有关 GORD 诊断和管理的单独指导,其中不包括功能性烧心和其他功能性上消化道症状的管理。[5]Katz PO, Dunbar KB, Schnoll-Sussman FH, et al. ACG clinical guideline for the diagnosis and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2022 Jan 1;117(1):27-56. https://journals.lww.com/ajg/fulltext/2022/01000/acg_clinical_guideline_for_the_diagnosis_and.14.aspx http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34807007?tool=bestpractice.com 英国国家卫生与临床优化研究所关于成人 GORD 和消化不良的指南建议,对具有 GORD 典型症状的患者采用一种不连续的诊疗流程。[6]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and dyspepsia in adults: investigation and management. Oct 2019 [internet publication]. http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg184
消化不良分类
根据所接受的检查类型或结局对消化不良患者进行分类。研究论文经常涉及不同种类的消化不良患者,所以医生必须了解已讨论过的最常见的亚组描述。
将未经检查调查的消化不良分类为具有特征性症状、临床评估认为源于上消化道、但最近未接受上消化道内镜检查的一种疾病。[3]Moayyedi PM, Lacy BE, Andrews CN, et al. ACG and CAG clinical guideline: management of dyspepsia. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017 Jul;112(7):988-1013. https://journals.lww.com/ajg/fulltext/2017/07000/ACG_and_CAG_Clinical_Guideline__Management_of.10.aspx http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28631728?tool=bestpractice.com [4]Talley NJ, Vakil NB, Moayyedi P. AGA technical review: evaluation of dyspepsia. Gastroenterology. 2005 Nov;129(5):1756-80. http://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085%2805%2901818-4/fulltext http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16285971?tool=bestpractice.com [6]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and dyspepsia in adults: investigation and management. Oct 2019 [internet publication]. http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg184 症状包括上腹痛或烧灼感、早饱和餐后饱胀感、呃逆、腹胀、恶心或上腹部不适。
功能性消化不良(有时也称为非溃疡性消化不良)是指经检查后未发现消化不良可能原因的一种情况。[7]Black CJ, Paine PA, Agrawal A, et al. British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines on the management of functional dyspepsia. Gut. 2022 Sep;71(9):1697-723. https://gut.bmj.com/content/71/9/1697.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35798375?tool=bestpractice.com 这个术语一般仅用于描述内镜检查结果正常,并且症状不提示 GORD 的患者。内镜检查正常的 GORD 患者被认为有非糜烂性反流疾病。[3]Moayyedi PM, Lacy BE, Andrews CN, et al. ACG and CAG clinical guideline: management of dyspepsia. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017 Jul;112(7):988-1013. https://journals.lww.com/ajg/fulltext/2017/07000/ACG_and_CAG_Clinical_Guideline__Management_of.10.aspx http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28631728?tool=bestpractice.com [4]Talley NJ, Vakil NB, Moayyedi P. AGA technical review: evaluation of dyspepsia. Gastroenterology. 2005 Nov;129(5):1756-80. http://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085%2805%2901818-4/fulltext http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16285971?tool=bestpractice.com [5]Katz PO, Dunbar KB, Schnoll-Sussman FH, et al. ACG clinical guideline for the diagnosis and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2022 Jan 1;117(1):27-56. https://journals.lww.com/ajg/fulltext/2022/01000/acg_clinical_guideline_for_the_diagnosis_and.14.aspx http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34807007?tool=bestpractice.com [8]Vakil N, van Zanten SV, Kahrilas P, et al. The Montreal definition and classification of gastroesophageal reflux disease: a global evidence-based consensus. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006 Aug;101(8):1900-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16928254?tool=bestpractice.com 美国胃肠病学院建议,只有在患者停用质子泵抑制剂的情况下进行内镜检查后,才能作出非糜烂性反流病的诊断。[5]Katz PO, Dunbar KB, Schnoll-Sussman FH, et al. ACG clinical guideline for the diagnosis and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2022 Jan 1;117(1):27-56. https://journals.lww.com/ajg/fulltext/2022/01000/acg_clinical_guideline_for_the_diagnosis_and.14.aspx http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34807007?tool=bestpractice.com
罗马 Ⅳ 分类法将功能性消化不良细分为以下 3 类:[9]Stanghellini V, Chan FK, Hasler WL, et al. Gastroduodenal disorders. Gastroenterology. 2016 May;150(6):1380-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27147122?tool=bestpractice.com
餐后不适综合征 (post-prandial distress syndrome, PDS) 的特征是餐后出现消化不良的症状,例如不适、疼痛、恶心和饱腹感
上腹痛综合征 (epigastric pain syndrome, EPS) 是指上腹部疼痛或上腹烧灼感,症状不仅发生在进餐后,也可发生于空腹时,甚至可因进食而缓解
重叠型 PDS 和 EPS 的特征是餐后出现消化不良的症状,且伴有上腹痛或烧灼感。
GORD 和消化不良具有相关性,而且可能重叠。目前没有 GORD 诊断的金标准。其诊断根据症状表现、食管黏膜的内镜评估、反流监测和对治疗干预的反应等情况综合作出诊断。[5]Katz PO, Dunbar KB, Schnoll-Sussman FH, et al. ACG clinical guideline for the diagnosis and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2022 Jan 1;117(1):27-56. https://journals.lww.com/ajg/fulltext/2022/01000/acg_clinical_guideline_for_the_diagnosis_and.14.aspx http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34807007?tool=bestpractice.com 已知许多 GORD 患者都有非典型表现,例如上腹部烧灼感或疼痛,因此可能会根据这些症状将其归为未经检查的消化不良患者。在因典型 GORD 症状而接受内镜检查的患者中,最常见的发现是黏膜正常。[5]Katz PO, Dunbar KB, Schnoll-Sussman FH, et al. ACG clinical guideline for the diagnosis and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2022 Jan 1;117(1):27-56. https://journals.lww.com/ajg/fulltext/2022/01000/acg_clinical_guideline_for_the_diagnosis_and.14.aspx http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34807007?tool=bestpractice.com
根据患者报告的症状对生活质量和功能的影响,评估患者消化不良的范围或严重程度。 患者对消化不良严重程度的评估一般与消化不良对工作、睡眠、饮食或休闲的影响程度有关。[4]Talley NJ, Vakil NB, Moayyedi P. AGA technical review: evaluation of dyspepsia. Gastroenterology. 2005 Nov;129(5):1756-80. http://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085%2805%2901818-4/fulltext http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16285971?tool=bestpractice.com [6]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and dyspepsia in adults: investigation and management. Oct 2019 [internet publication]. http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg184
流行病学
一项根据罗马标准评估未经检查的消化不良患病率的研究荟萃分析发现,国家/地区之间的患病率不同,表明环境、文化、种族、饮食或遗传影响起着作用。[10]Barberio B, Mahadeva S, Black CJ, et al. Systematic review with meta-analysis: global prevalence of uninvestigated dyspepsia according to the Rome criteria. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2020 Sep;52(5):762-73. https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/165990 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32852839?tool=bestpractice.com 在根据罗马 Ⅳ 标准确定未经检查消化不良的研究中,未经检查消化不良的总体患病率为 6.9%(95% CI 5.7%-8.2%),在使用罗马 Ⅰ 标准的研究中,总体患病率为 17.6%(95% CI 9.8%-27.1%)。女性中未经检查消化不良患病率增加至 1.5 倍。[10]Barberio B, Mahadeva S, Black CJ, et al. Systematic review with meta-analysis: global prevalence of uninvestigated dyspepsia according to the Rome criteria. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2020 Sep;52(5):762-73. https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/165990 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32852839?tool=bestpractice.com
一项基于互联网的横断面健康调查发现,相较于加拿大(1988 名参与者中有 167 例 [8%])和英国(1994 名参与者中有 152 例 [8%];p<0.0001),美国参与者符合罗马 IV 功能性消化不良诊断标准的比例明显更高(1949 名参与者中有 232 例 [12%])。[11]Aziz I, Palsson OS, Törnblom H, et al. Epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and associations for symptom-based Rome IV functional dyspepsia in adults in the USA, Canada, and the UK: a cross-sectional population-based study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018 Apr;3(4):252-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29396034?tool=bestpractice.com 该病的亚型分布为:餐后不适综合征占 61% ,上腹痛综合征占 18% 和重叠型占 21% ;各个国家的分布情况与此相似。
有证据表明,应特别关注女性中的功能性消化不良问题。[12]Flier SN, Rose S. Is functional dyspepsia of particular concern in women? A review of gender differences in epidemiology, pathophysiologic mechanisms, clinical presentation, and management. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006 Dec;101(12 Suppl):S644-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17177870?tool=bestpractice.com 已经证明消化不良对生活质量有显著的负面影响。这种影响与睡眠改变、饮食、对工作和休闲活动的干扰相关。遭受过情感或身体虐待的女性似乎特别容易发生功能性消化不良和肠易激综合征 (irritable bowel syndrome, IBS)。
功能性消化不良和 IBS 之间存在很多重叠之处。同时患有这两种疾病的患者具有明显较重的症状负担,并且更可能寻医诊治。[13]Vakil N, Stelwagon M, Shea EP, et al. Symptom burden and consulting behavior in patients with overlapping functional disorders in the US population. United European Gastroenterol J. 2016 Jun;4(3):413-22. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4924424 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27403308?tool=bestpractice.com
鉴别诊断
常见
- 功能性消化不良
- 幽门螺杆菌感染
- GORD 和食管炎
- 消化性溃疡病
- 胃轻瘫
- 胃炎和十二指肠炎(伴或不伴糜烂)
- 乳糖不耐受
- 胆石症
- 胆囊炎
- 药物性消化不良
- 乳糜泻
不常见
- 上消化道恶性肿瘤
- 肠道寄生虫:贾第鞭毛虫、隐孢子虫
- 冠状动脉病变 (CAD)
- 慢性胰腺炎
- 急性胰腺炎
- 胰腺肿瘤/胰腺癌
- 狭窄或肿瘤导致肝胆管梗阻
- 高钙血症
- 腹壁疼痛
撰稿人
作者
Nimish Vakil, MD, FACP, AGAF, FASGE, FACG
Clinical Adjunct Professor
School of Medicine and Public Health
University of Wisconsin
Madison
WI
利益声明
NV is a consultant for Phathom Pharmaceuticals and Redhill Pharmaceuticals, and is an author of several references cited in this topic.
鸣谢
Dr Nimish Vakil would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Nigel W. Flook, a previous contributor to this topic.
利益声明
NWF declares that he has no conflicting interests.
同行评议者
Lars Aabakken, MD
Professor of Medicine
Chief of GI Endoscopy
Rikshospitalet University Hospital
Oslo
Norway
利益声明
LA declares that he has no competing interests.
Marc Bradette, MD, FRCP(C)
Gastroenterologist
Chief of Service
Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu de Québec
Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec
Québec City
Québec
Canada
利益声明
MB declares that he has no competing interests.
Paul Moayyedi, BSc, MB ChB, PhD, MPH, FRCP (London), FRCPC, FACG, AGAF
Director
Division of Gastroenterology
Professor
Department of Medicine
McMaster University Medical Centre
Hamilton
Ontario
Canada
利益声明
PM is an author of a number of references cited in this topic.
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