小结
定义
病史和体格检查
关键诊断因素
- 典型年龄组(<15 岁或>25 岁)
- 暴露于感染者
- 自流行地区或地方性流行区域离开
- 未接种疫苗/未全程接种的个人
- 咽痛
- 吞咽困难或发声困难
- 呼吸困难
- 哮吼性咳嗽
- 假膜形成
- 颈部肿胀
- 皮肤病变
- 呼吸受损
其他诊断因素
- 发热
- 喘鸣
危险因素
- 未接种疫苗的个体
- 疫苗接种不完全的个体
- 接触感染者
- 从疫区出发旅行
- 皮肤破溃
- 卫生差、拥挤和贫困
诊断性检查
首要检查
- 细菌学培养和显微镜检查
需考虑的检查
- 产毒性 Elek 试验
- 聚合酶链反应 (PCR)
- 白喉抗体
治疗流程
呼吸道和皮肤白喉病例的密切接触者
呼吸道白喉
皮肤白喉
无症状携带者
撰稿人
作者
Derek Sloan, FRCP, PhD
Reader & Consultant Physician in Infectious Diseases
University of St Andrews & NHS Fife
Scotland
Infectious Diseases Referent
UK-Med
UK
利益声明
DS declares that he has no competing interests.
鸣谢
Dr Derek Sloan would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Walid Abuhammour, Dr Sarmad Farook Yahya Alhamdani, and Dr Nida Yousef, previous contributors to this topic.
利益声明
WA, SFYA, and NY declare that they have no competing interests.
同行评议者
William A. Petri, Jr, MD, PhD, FACP
Chief and Professor of Medicine
Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health
University of Virginia Health System
Charlottesville
VA
利益声明
WAP declares that he has no competing interests.
George Y. Wu, MD, PhD
Professor of Medicine
University of Connecticut Health Center
Farmington
CT
利益声明
GYW is on the medical advisory boards of the following: Gilead Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb, AbbVie, and Intercept.
Linda S. Nield, MD
Associate Professor of Pediatrics
West Virginia University School Of Medicine
Morgantown
WV
利益声明
LSN declares that she has no competing interests.
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