小结
定义
病史和体格检查
关键诊断因素
- 存在的危险因素
- 刷牙时流血
- 牙菌斑
- 见于游离龈的坏死和溃疡
其他诊断因素
- 口臭
- 牙龈发红、水肿以及鼓胀
- 假膜形成
- 颈部淋巴结肿大
- 发热
- 不适感
- 疼痛
危险因素
- 口腔卫生不佳
- 烟草
- 糖尿病
- 妊娠
- 重度营养不良或轻度营养不良
- HIV/AIDS（坏死性龈炎）
- 应激（坏死性龈炎）
- 严重（病毒）感染（在坏死性牙龈炎患者中）
- 坏死性牙龈炎既往史
- 应激（在菌斑性龈炎中）
- 令口腔干燥的药物
- 男性
- 生活条件艰苦（坏死性牙龈炎）
- 高酒精摄入量
- 物质滥用
诊断性检查
首要检查
- 临床诊断
治疗流程
坏死性龈炎（NG）
非坏死性龈炎
撰稿人
作者
Giuseppina Campisi, DDS, MS
Professor of Oral Diseases
Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences
School of Dentistry
University of Palermo
Palermo
Italy
利益声明
GC declares that she has no competing interests.
Giuseppe Pizzo, DDS
Associate Professor of Periodontology and Dental Public Health
Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences
School of Dentistry
University of Palermo
Palermo
Italy
利益声明
GP declares that he has no competing interests.
鸣谢
Dr Giuseppina Campisi and Dr Giuseppe Pizzo would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Bruce L. Pihlstrom and Dr Alice E. Curran, previous contributors to this topic.
利益声明
BLP and AEC declare that they have no competing interests.
同行评议者
Gary Armitage, MD
Professor
Division of Periodontology
University of California
San Francisco
CA
利益声明
GA declares that he has no competing interests.
Lynn Solomon, MD
Assistant Professor
Tufts University
Boston
MA
利益声明
LS declares that she has no competing interests.
Donald J. DeNucci, DDS, MS
Program Director
Practice Based Research Networks
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research
NIH
Bethesda
MD
利益声明
DJD declares that he has no competing interests.
Stephen Porter, BSc, PhD, MD, FDSRCS, FDSRCSEd, FHEA
Institute Director
Professor of Oral Medicine
Academic Head, Oral Medicine and Special Needs Dentistry Unit
Honorary Consultant in Oral Medicine, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust
UCL Eastman Dental Institute
London
UK
利益声明
SP declares that he has no competing interests.
Marco Carrozzo, MD, DSM
Professor of Oral Medicine
School of Dental Sciences
University of Newcastle Upon Tyne
UK
利益声明
None declared
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