急腹症是指快速出现一系列腹部病变的严重症状。急腹症可能提示需紧急外科干预的潜在致死性疾病。急性腹痛是一种常见的急诊科就诊原因。[1]Hooker EA, Mallow PJ, Oglesby MM. Characteristics and trends of emergency department visits in the United States (2010-2014). J Emerg Med. 2019 Mar;56(3):344-51.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30704822?tool=bestpractice.com
临床特征
即刻评估应重点从可先进行保守治疗的患者中,分辨出真正存在亟待手术干预的急腹症患者。[2]Silen W. Cope's early diagnosis of the acute abdomen. 22nd ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2010. 英国的数据表明,若能够就诊于有经验的外科医生则可减少不必要的住院。[3]Association of Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland. Commissioning guide: emergency general surgery (acute abdominal pain). Apr 2014 [internet publication].
https://www.evidence.nhs.uk/document?id=2092186&returnUrl=search%3fq%3d%25e2%2580%258bCommissioning%2bguide%253a%2bemergency%2bgeneral%2bsurgery%25e2%2580%258b&q=%E2%80%8BCommissioning+guide%3a+emergency+general+surgery%E2%80%8B
有急性外科疾病的患者可能会迅速恶化;必需对出现严重、持续症状的患者进行彻底检查和密切监测。
疼痛可能:
发生在腹部的任何部位
间歇性、锐痛或钝痛、隐痛或针扎样痛
从局部放射
伴有恶心和呕吐。
老年人、儿童、免疫功能低下人群以及妊娠晚期可能会发生无痛性急腹症。
诊断检查
结合病史、体格检查、影像学检查和实验室检查结果,来诊断急腹症。
对于特定患者,可考虑进行诊断性腹腔镜检查。[4]Stefanidis D, Richardson WS, Chang L, et al. The role of diagnostic laparoscopy for acute abdominal conditions: an evidence-based review. Surg Endosc. 2009 Jan;23(1):16-23.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18814014?tool=bestpractice.com
[5]Maggio AQ, Reece-Smith AM, Tang TY, et al. Early laparoscopy versus active observation in acute abdominal pain: systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Surg. 2008 Oct;6(5):400-3.
http://www.journal-surgery.net/article/S1743-9191(08)00086-1/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18760983?tool=bestpractice.com
[6]Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons. Guidelines for Diagnostic Laparoscopy. Apr 2010 [internet publication].
https://www.sages.org/publications/guidelines/guidelines-for-diagnostic-laparoscopy
镇痛
一项针对纳入成人急性腹痛患者的随机对照试验的荟萃分析发现,阿片类镇痛药不会增加诊断错误或治疗决策错误风险,并能改善患者舒适度。[7]Manterola C, Vial M, Moraga J, et al. Analgesia in patients with acute abdominal pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Jan 19;(1):CD005660.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005660.pub3/full
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21249672?tool=bestpractice.com
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In people with acute abdominal pain with an undiagnosed cause, how does the use of opioid analgesia affect the clinical evaluation process?/cca.html?targetUrl=http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.536/full展示答案
特殊群体
老年人、免疫功能低下人群以及孕妇的腹痛表现经常不典型,这可导致对致死性腹部病变的诊断延误。[8]Chen EH, Mills AM. Abdominal pain in special populations. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2011 May;29(2):449-58.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21515187?tool=bestpractice.com
老年人
合并症或用于治疗合并症的药物可能会影响老年患者产生特征性生理反应的能力。
老年患者由于免疫功能下降,患严重疾病的风险更高。[9]Ragsdale L, Southerland L. Acute abdominal pain in the older adult. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2011 May;29(2):429-48.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21515186?tool=bestpractice.com
衰老也可影响中枢和外周神经系统。痴呆等疾病会限制高龄患者交流问题的能力;外周神经系统的功能衰退可以改变对疼痛和温度的认知,导致诊断更困难。
一项回顾溃疡穿孔患者的研究发现,只有 21% 的高龄患者表现出腹膜炎。[9]Ragsdale L, Southerland L. Acute abdominal pain in the older adult. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2011 May;29(2):429-48.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21515186?tool=bestpractice.com
孕妇
妊娠时身体和生理学的变化可能给诊断和治疗带来一定的挑战。
增大的子宫推挤、压迫并使腹腔内器官移位,加之腹壁松弛,这就使得定位疼痛变得更加困难,腹膜征象也会因此变得不那么明确。[10]Kilpatrick CC, Monga M. Approach to the acute abdomen in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2007 Sep;34(3):389-402.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17921006?tool=bestpractice.com
孕妇可能会有轻度的生理性白细胞增多,故在孕妇中,此发现对急腹症不具特异性。
若高度怀疑存在腹内病变,需行进一步检查,可能包括其他实验室检查、放射影像学检查或对某些病例进行连续体格检查。
免疫功能低下的患者
免疫功能低下的患者会出现炎症反应改变,并可能表现出急性腹部病变的非典型症状和征象。腹痛通常为非特异性,体格检查经常无法得出结论。[11]McKean J, Ronan-Bentle S. Abdominal pain in the immunocompromised patient-human immunodeficiency virus, transplant, cancer. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2016 May;34(2):377-86.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27133250?tool=bestpractice.com
免疫功能低下的患者容易发生机会性感染,如见于 AIDS 患者的巨细胞病毒结肠炎。
免疫抑制治疗可能会导致急腹症。盲肠炎(中性粒细胞减少性小肠结肠炎)是一种化疗并发症,通常表现为在化疗开始后 10-14 天出现发热、中性粒细胞减少和右髂窝疼痛。[12]Spencer SP, Power N. The acute abdomen in the immune compromised host. Cancer Imaging. 2008 Apr 22;8:93-101.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2365454
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18442955?tool=bestpractice.com
对于免疫功能低下的患者,需要降低入院标准,并进行横断面成像检查。[11]McKean J, Ronan-Bentle S. Abdominal pain in the immunocompromised patient-human immunodeficiency virus, transplant, cancer. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2016 May;34(2):377-86.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27133250?tool=bestpractice.com