小结
呼吸性碱中毒是一种全身性酸碱失衡疾病,其特征是动脉血二氧化碳分压 (PaCO₂) 原发性降低,从而导致 PH 值升高至超过 7.45,且作为缓冲机制的碳酸氢盐(HCO₃-)浓度随之下降。[1]Arbus GS, Herbert LA, Levesque PR, et al. Characterization and clinical application of the "significance band" for acute respiratory alkalosis. N Engl J Med. 1969 Jan 16;280(3):117-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5782512?tool=bestpractice.com 此病可能以单纯原发性呼吸紊乱的形式发作,唯一症状是呼吸异常,其病因是肺泡 CO₂ 排出量相对于其产出量较高,导致 PaCO₂ 降低。呼吸性碱中毒也可能作为代谢性酸中毒等潜在病程的代偿机制发生,或作为混合酸碱失衡的独立组成部分之一,在这种情况下,PaCO₂、HCO₃-和 pH 值由潜在酸碱失衡的联合作用决定。[2]Foster GT, Varizi ND, Sassoon CS. Respiratory alkalosis. Respir Care. 2001 Apr;46(4):384-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11262557?tool=bestpractice.com
呼吸性碱中毒可分为三类:
属于疾病过程的组成部分
意外诱发
人为诱发(治疗性)[3]Laffey JG, Kavanagh BP. Hypocapnia. N Engl J Med. 2002 Jul 4;347(1):43-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12097540?tool=bestpractice.com
意外性呼吸性碱中毒由机械通气设置不当造成,或与体外膜肺氧合作用有关。[3]Laffey JG, Kavanagh BP. Hypocapnia. N Engl J Med. 2002 Jul 4;347(1):43-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12097540?tool=bestpractice.com 治疗性呼吸性碱中毒或低碳酸血症可暂时用于治疗颅内压增高或新生儿肺动脉高压。[4]Allen CH, Ward JD. An evidence-based approach to management of increased intracranial pressure. Crit Care Clin. 1998 Jul;14(3):485-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9700443?tool=bestpractice.com [5]Walsh-Sukys MC, Tyson JE, Wright LL, et al. Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn in the era before nitric oxide: practice variation and outcomes. Pediatrics. 2000 Jan;105(1 Pt 1):14-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10617698?tool=bestpractice.com
流行病学
呼吸性碱中毒较为常见。 对美国住院患者的动脉血液样本进行评估的两项大型研究表明,呼吸性碱中毒的发生率为 22.5% - 44.7%。[6]Hodgkin JE, Soeprono FF, Chan DM. Incidence of metabolic alkalemia in hospitalized patients. Crit Care Med. 1980 Dec;8(12):725-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6778655?tool=bestpractice.com [7]Mazzara JT, Ayres SM, Grace WJ. Extreme hypocapnia in the critically ill patient. Am J Med. 1974 Apr;56(4):450-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4818411?tool=bestpractice.com 由于动脉血液样本是在患者住院期间的不同时间点采集的,因此以上数字很可能代表了不同类别呼吸性碱中毒病例的情况。意大利的一项研究连续采集了 110 名就诊患者被收入院时的动脉血液样本,结果表明呼吸性碱中毒的患病率为 24%。[8]Palange P, Carlone S, Galassetti P, et al. Incidence of acid-base and electrolyte disturbances in a general hospital: a study of 110 consecutive admissions. Recenti Prog Med. 1990 Dec;81(12):788-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2075281?tool=bestpractice.com
对146名因航空运送而接受机械通气治疗的烧伤插管患者进行回顾性研究,可推测出意外诱发性呼吸性碱中毒的发生率。 呼吸性碱中毒的发生率为 19%,其中 39% 的患者接受了容量辅助控制通气,在接受间歇指令通气的患者中,17% 出现了低碳酸血症。[9]Barillo DJ, Dickerson EE, Cioffi WG, et al. Pressure-controlled ventilation for the long-range aeromedical transport of patients with burns. J Burn Care Rehabil. 1997 May-Jun;18(3):200-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9169941?tool=bestpractice.com [10]Hooper RG, Browning M. Acid-base changes and ventilator mode during maintenance ventilation. Crit Care Med. 1985 Jan;13(1):44-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3871184?tool=bestpractice.com 在容量辅助控制(或容量控制)的情况下,患者可能接受控制或辅助送气。患者触发呼吸机后,呼吸机提供相同持续时间和幅度的送气。在间歇指令通气的情况下,呼吸机在患者的自发呼吸间隙送气。不过,据另一项研究报告,在接受心肺转流术的患者(86 人)中,大部分在复温阶段出现了低碳酸血症,并且在将他们送入重症监护病房之前,低碳酸血症持续存在。[11]Millar SM, Alston RP, Andrews PJ, et al. Cerebral hypoperfusion in immediate postoperative period following coronary artery bypass grafting, heart valve, and abdominal aortic surgery. Br J Anesth. 2001 Aug;87(2):229-36. http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/content/87/2/229.full http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11493494?tool=bestpractice.com 该研究未报告低碳酸血症的实际发生率。[11]Millar SM, Alston RP, Andrews PJ, et al. Cerebral hypoperfusion in immediate postoperative period following coronary artery bypass grafting, heart valve, and abdominal aortic surgery. Br J Anesth. 2001 Aug;87(2):229-36. http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/content/87/2/229.full http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11493494?tool=bestpractice.com
按照以往经验,治疗性呼吸性碱中毒或低碳酸血症可暂时用于治疗颅内压增高。[4]Allen CH, Ward JD. An evidence-based approach to management of increased intracranial pressure. Crit Care Clin. 1998 Jul;14(3):485-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9700443?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,尚未证实治疗性低碳酸血症能带来的益处,因此仅应用于治疗致死性颅内压增高。[12]Curley G, Kavanagh BP, Laffey JG. Hypocapnia and the injured brain: more harm than benefit. Crit Care Med. 2010 May;38(5):1348-59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20228681?tool=bestpractice.com [13]Badjatia N, Carney N, Crocco TJ, et al; Brain Trauma Foundation; BTF Center for Guidelines Management. Guidelines for prehospital management of traumatic brain injury 2nd edition. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2008;12(suppl 1):S1-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18203044?tool=bestpractice.com 尚未证实用于治疗颅内压增高或新生儿肺动脉高压患者的低碳酸血症可提高存活率,因此应对治疗性低碳酸血症加以谨慎限制。[3]Laffey JG, Kavanagh BP. Hypocapnia. N Engl J Med. 2002 Jul 4;347(1):43-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12097540?tool=bestpractice.com [5]Walsh-Sukys MC, Tyson JE, Wright LL, et al. Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn in the era before nitric oxide: practice variation and outcomes. Pediatrics. 2000 Jan;105(1 Pt 1):14-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10617698?tool=bestpractice.com [14]Rusnak M, Janciak I, Majdan M, et al. Severe traumatic brain injury in Austria VI: effects of guideline-based management. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2007 Feb;119(1-2):64-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17318752?tool=bestpractice.com 随着一氧化氮和其他血管舒张药的使用,对新生儿肺动脉高压患者低碳酸血症的治疗将减少。[15]Latini G, Del Vecchio A, De Felice C, et al. Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn: therapeutical approach. Mini Rev Med Chem. 2008 Dec;8(14):1507-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19075808?tool=bestpractice.com [16]Kelly LE, Ohlsson A, Shah PS. Sildenafil for pulmonary hypertension in neonates. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Aug 4;(8):CD005494. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005494.pub4/full http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28777888?tool=bestpractice.com
生理学
在呼吸性碱中毒中,呼吸中枢的初始抑制和血浆碳酸氢根浓度降低会减少 pH 值的升高。过量排出 CO₂(肺泡过度通气)和由此产生的较低动脉 PACO₂(低碳酸血症)通过负反馈回路抑制呼吸中枢。起始 PaCO₂ 降低所产生的全身性效应可用下方校正后的 Henderson-Hasselbalch 公式表示:
(H+)=24(PaCO₂/HCO₃-)
PaCO₂ 降低导致 PaCO₂/HCO₃- 比值减小,从而降低 H+ 浓度,这会引发碱血症。PCO₂ 降低还会导致 H+ 分泌速度降低,以及由于细胞内缓冲作用而导致碳酸氢盐经肾小管的排出速度提高。在肾小管细胞内,CO₂ 在碳酸酐酶的作用下与 H₂O 结合,形成碳酸(H₂CO₃),碳酸随后分解为 HCO₃- 和 H+。碱血症对碳酸酐酶活性具有抑制作用,从而导致分泌入肾小管中的 H+ 量降低。[17]Jacobson HR. Effects of CO2 and acetazolamide on bicarbonate and fluid transport in rabbit proximal tubules. Am J Physiol. 1981 Jan;240(1):F54-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6779638?tool=bestpractice.com HCO₃- 的再吸收依赖于与 H+ 结合形成碳酸,碳酸随后分解为 H₂O 和 CO₂。由于肾小管中的 H+ 浓度降低,H+ 的浓度不足以与滤过的 HCO₃- 发生反应。HCO₃-重吸收量降低,导致血浆 HCO₃- 浓度和 pH 值降低。
酸碱分析的物理化学(Stewart 或强离子差)方法同样显示,急性过度通气和 PaCO₂ 下降缓慢导致高氯性肾代偿。由于近曲小管和远曲小管的氢分泌减少,高氯血症与滤过钠和钾以及碳酸氢盐的分泌相关。随着血浆强离子差下降,血浆碳酸氢盐浓度也下降,导致血清 pH 值趋于恢复正常。传统和 Stewart 法都显示,肾脏代偿是由 PaCO₂ 与碳酸氢盐的比值变化导致(见上述改良的 Henderson-Hasselbalch 公式)。[18]Seifter JL. Integration of acid-base and electrolyte disorders. N Engl J Med. 2014 Nov 6;371(19):1821-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25372090?tool=bestpractice.com
呼吸性碱中毒的表现可为急性或慢性。 急性呼吸性碱中毒发生于低碳酸血症发生后 6 个小时内。[1]Arbus GS, Herbert LA, Levesque PR, et al. Characterization and clinical application of the "significance band" for acute respiratory alkalosis. N Engl J Med. 1969 Jan 16;280(3):117-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5782512?tool=bestpractice.com 慢性呼吸性碱中毒具有肾代偿机制,通常发生于出现低碳酸血症 6 小时后,在 2 - 5 天内消退。[1]Arbus GS, Herbert LA, Levesque PR, et al. Characterization and clinical application of the "significance band" for acute respiratory alkalosis. N Engl J Med. 1969 Jan 16;280(3):117-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5782512?tool=bestpractice.com [19]Santra G, Paul R, Das S, et al. Hyperventilation of pregnancy presenting with flaccid quadriparesis due to hypokalaemia secondary to respiratory alkalosis. J Assoc Physicians India. 2014 Jun;62(6):536-8. https://www.japi.org/r28464a4/hyperventilation-of-pregnancy-presenting-with-flaccid-quadriparesis-due-to-hypokalaemia-secondary-to-respiratory-alkalosis http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25856925?tool=bestpractice.com [20]Berend K, de Vries AP, Gans RO. Physiological approach to assessment of acid-base disturbances. N Engl J Med. 2014 Oct 9;371(15):1434-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25295502?tool=bestpractice.com 在急性呼吸性碱中毒中,血清 HCO₃- 与 PaCO₂ 浓度降低的相互关系可表示如下:
HCO₃- (mmol/L) 变化量 = 0.1 x PaCO2 (mmHg) 变化量
其中,HCO₃- 从 24 mmol/L 的正常值开始降低,而 PaCO₂ 从 40 mmHg 的正常值开始降低。例如,PaCO₂ 急剧降低 20 mmHg 将导致的血清 HCO₃- 浓度变为 22 mmol/L 左右;即,在 24 mmol/L 的血清 HCO₃- 浓度正常值的基础上降低 2 mmol/L (0.1 x 20)。血清 HCO₃- 浓度相对于预测值出现明显偏差提示除单纯性急性呼吸性碱中毒外,还伴随着其他酸碱平衡紊乱。
在慢性呼吸性碱中毒中,由于肾小管 H+ 分泌和 HCO₃- 重吸收的抑制,血清 HCO₃- 进一步降低。因此,H+ 浓度的降低幅度比急性阶段更大。在慢性呼吸性碱中毒中,血清 HCO₃- 与 PaCO₂ 下降的关系可表示为:[21]Gennari FJ, Goldstein MB, Schwartz WB. The nature of the renal adaptation to chronic hypocapnia. J Clin Invest. 1972 Jul;51(7):1722-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC292319 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5032522?tool=bestpractice.com [22]Krapf R, Beeler I, Hertner D, et al. Chronic respiratory alkalosis: the effect of sustained hyperventilation on renal regulation of acid-base equilibrium. N Engl J Med. 1991 May 16;324(20):1394-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1902283?tool=bestpractice.com
HCO₃-(mmol/L)变化量 = 0.4 x PaCO₂(mmHg)变化量
在这种情况下,PaCO2 持续降低 20 mmHg 将导致血清 HCO₃- 降低 8 mmol,结果是 HCO₃- 浓度从 24 mmol 标准值降低到 16 mmol。单纯性慢性呼吸性碱中毒患者的血清 HCO3- 很少下降到 12 至 14 mmol/L 以下。[20]Berend K, de Vries AP, Gans RO. Physiological approach to assessment of acid-base disturbances. N Engl J Med. 2014 Oct 9;371(15):1434-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25295502?tool=bestpractice.com
呼吸性碱中毒导致乳酸盐生成量略微增加和乳酸盐清除率降低,从而使血清中的乳酸盐增加。[23]Eldridge F, Salzer J. Effect of respiratory alkalosis on blood lactate and pyruvate in humans. J Appl Physiol. 1967 Mar;22(3):461-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6020228?tool=bestpractice.com [24]Druml W, Grimm G, Laggner AN, et al. Lactic acid kinetics in respiratory acidosis. Crit Care Med. 1991 Sep;19(9):1120-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1884611?tool=bestpractice.com 有趣的是,一项小型研究显示,通过主动换气过度在训练有素运动员中引发呼吸性碱中毒可减缓体能下降(通过反复冲刺时的峰值和平均功率输出测定体能水平)。学者们认为原因是运动引发的乳酸酸中毒导致酸中毒延迟。[25]Sakamoto A, Naito H, Chow CM. Hyperventilation as a strategy for improved repeated sprint performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2014 Apr;28(4):1119-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23838981?tool=bestpractice.com
呼吸性碱中毒还会独立于其肾代偿机制改变电解质平衡状态。
钾
发生初期,由于过度通气使 α-肾上腺素能活性增强,因此会出现高钾血症。 之后,细胞间转移、肾重吸收量降低和尿碳酸氢盐增多导致低钾血症。 尿碳酸氢盐增多会增加肾钾的排出量。[26]Krapf R, Caduff P, Wagdi P, et al. Plasma potassium response to acute respiratory alkalosis. Kidney Int. 1995 Jan;47(1):217-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7731149?tool=bestpractice.com [27]Sanchez MG, Finlayson DC. Dynamics of serum potassium change during acute respiratory alkalosis. Can Anaesth Soc J. 1978 Nov;25(6):495-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31968?tool=bestpractice.com 低钾血症的症状通常较轻,但由于孕妇血液循环中较高的孕酮水平会引起过度通气和呼吸性碱中毒,孕妇的症状可能较为严重。某病例报告曾发现患者因呼吸性碱中毒诱发的低钾血症而出现弛缓性瘫痪。[19]Santra G, Paul R, Das S, et al. Hyperventilation of pregnancy presenting with flaccid quadriparesis due to hypokalaemia secondary to respiratory alkalosis. J Assoc Physicians India. 2014 Jun;62(6):536-8. https://www.japi.org/r28464a4/hyperventilation-of-pregnancy-presenting-with-flaccid-quadriparesis-due-to-hypokalaemia-secondary-to-respiratory-alkalosis http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25856925?tool=bestpractice.com
磷酸盐
在急性阶段,发生低磷酸盐血症可能与磷转运到细胞内有关。[28]Brautbar N, Leibovici H, Massry SG. On the mechanism of hypophosphatemia during acute hyperventilation: evidence for increased muscle glycolysis. Miner Electrolyte Metab. 1983 Jan-Feb;9(1):45-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6843518?tool=bestpractice.com [29]Hoppe A, Metler M, Berndt TJ. Effect of respiratory alkalosis on renal phosphate excretion. Am J Physiol. 1982 Nov;243(5):F471-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6291407?tool=bestpractice.com 相反,由于对甲状旁腺素具有抵抗性,慢性期伴有高磷血症以及低钙血症。[30]Krapf R, Jaeger P, Hulter HN. Chronic respiratory alkalosis induces renal PTH-resistance, hyperphosphatemia, and hypocalcemia in humans. Kidney Int. 1992 Sep;42(3):727-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1405350?tool=bestpractice.com
肺部生理变化的突出表现是支气管收缩。[31]Jamison JP, Glover PJ, Wallace WF. Comparison of the effects of inhaled ipratropium bromide and salbutamol on the bronchoconstrictor response to hypocapnic hyperventilation in normal subjects. Thorax. 1987 Oct;42(10):809-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC460957 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2962333?tool=bestpractice.com [32]Rodriguez-Roisin R. Gas exchange abnormalities in asthma. Lung. 1990;168(Suppl):599-605. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2117169?tool=bestpractice.com [33]Bayindir O, Akpinar B, Ozbek U, et al. The hazardous effects of alveolar hypocapnia on lung mechanics during weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass. Perfusion. 2000 Jan;15(1):27-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10676865?tool=bestpractice.com 呼吸性碱中毒对肺动脉的影响以及与 PH 值有关的变化可能会诱发肺动脉血管舒张,这一特性通常用于治疗新生儿持续肺动脉高压。[5]Walsh-Sukys MC, Tyson JE, Wright LL, et al. Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn in the era before nitric oxide: practice variation and outcomes. Pediatrics. 2000 Jan;105(1 Pt 1):14-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10617698?tool=bestpractice.com [34]Fike CD, Hansen TN. The effect of alkalosis on hypoxia-induced vasoconstriction in lungs of newborn rabbits. Pediatr Res. 1989 Apr;25(4):383-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2726313?tool=bestpractice.com 心动过速还与呼吸性碱中毒本身的生理变化一致,并且与交感神经活性增加和低钾血症相关。[26]Krapf R, Caduff P, Wagdi P, et al. Plasma potassium response to acute respiratory alkalosis. Kidney Int. 1995 Jan;47(1):217-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7731149?tool=bestpractice.com [35]Samuelsson RG, Nagy G. Effects of respiratory alkalosis and acidosis on myocardial excitation. Acta Physiol Scand. 1976 Jun;97(2):158-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/949001?tool=bestpractice.com 由于 O₂ 对血红蛋白的亲和力增强,冠状动脉血管痉挛或心肌供氧降低时可出现胸痛。[36]Neill WA, Hattenhauer M. Impairment of myocardial O2 supply due to hyperventilation. Circulation. 1975 Nov;52(5):854-8. http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/52/5/854.full.pdf+html http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1175266?tool=bestpractice.com 数据还显示,在低碳酸血症(PaCO₂ 20.9 ± 2.9)持续的过程中,呼吸性碱中毒可显著减少体内微循环血流(通过反射式共聚焦显微镜测量)。可见于无合并心搏出量减少时。[37]Morel J, Gergelé L, Dominé A, et al. The venous-arterial difference in CO2 should be interpreted with caution in case of respiratory alkalosis in healthy volunteers. J Clin Monit Comput. 2017 Aug;31(4):701-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27287759?tool=bestpractice.com 在急性和慢性呼吸性碱中毒中也已有室性和房性心律失常的报告。[38]Wildenthal K, Fuller DS, Shapiro W. Paroxysmal atrial arrhythmias induced by hyperventilation. Am J Cardiol. 1968 Mar;21(3):436-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5637848?tool=bestpractice.com [39]Hisano K, Matsuguchi T, Ootsubo H, et al. Hyperventilation-induced variant angina with ventricular tachycardia. Am Heart J. 1984 Aug;108(2):423-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6464982?tool=bestpractice.com [40]Brown EB Jr, Miller F. Ventricular fibrillation following a rapid fall in alveolar carbon dioxide concentration. Am J Physiol.1952 Apr;169(1):56-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14923862?tool=bestpractice.com
在急性呼吸性碱中毒时,可见胃肠道和肝脏症状,但在慢性呼吸性碱中毒时,无这些症状。急性呼吸性碱中毒可导致恶心、呕吐和胃肠动力增强。[41]Bharucha AE, Camilleri M, Ford MJ, et al. Hyperventilation alters colonic motor and sensory function: effects and mechanisms in humans. Gastroenterology. 1996 Aug;111(2):368-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8690201?tool=bestpractice.com 结肠张力增加的机制取决于低碳酸血症(而不是血碳酸正常的过度通气),低碳酸血症似乎对结肠平滑肌具有直接影响。[42]Ford MJ, Camelleri MJ, Hanson RB, et al. Hyperventilation, central autonomic control, and colonic tone in humans. Gut. 1995 Oct;37(4):499-504. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1382900 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7489935?tool=bestpractice.com 在 PaCO₂<20 mmHg 的阈值时,低碳酸血症会影响外周神经和中枢神经系统(central nervous system, CNS)。[43]Rafferty GF, Saisch GN, Gardner WN. Relation of hypocapnic symptoms to rate of fall of end-tidal PCO2 in normal subjects. Respir Med. 1992 Jul;86(4):335-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1448588?tool=bestpractice.com 出现的症状包括眩晕、头晕、焦虑、欣快、行动笨拙、健忘、幻觉和痫样发作。[44]Perkin GD, Joseph R. Neurological manifestations of the hyperventilation syndrome. J R Soc Med. 1986 Aug;79(8):448-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1290412 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3761286?tool=bestpractice.com 另外还报告了单向性的躯体化症状,包括部分性发作、偏头痛或卒中样症状。CNS 症状最开始由 pH 值变化所致(而非 PaCO₂ 变化),进而导致脑血流量降低,引起脑缺血,最终出现神经系统症状。[45]Gardner WN. The pathophysiology of hyperventilation disorders. Chest. 1996 Feb;109(2):516-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8620731?tool=bestpractice.com 外周神经的表现包括手足搐搦和感觉异常。 这些神经系统的表现是由于过度通气诱发的神经兴奋性增强所引起,而神经兴奋性增强又因低钙血症,也可能因低磷酸盐血症所致。[45]Gardner WN. The pathophysiology of hyperventilation disorders. Chest. 1996 Feb;109(2):516-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8620731?tool=bestpractice.com [46]Macefield G, Burke D. Paraesthesiae and tetany induced by voluntary hyperventilation: increased excitability of human cutaneous and motor axons. Brain. 1991 Feb;114 ( Pt 1B):527-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2004255?tool=bestpractice.com [47]Edmondson JW, Brashear RE, Li TK. Tetany: quantitative interrelationships between calcium and alkalosis. Am J Physiol. 1975 Apr;228(4):1082-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/236662?tool=bestpractice.com
因为代偿机制不会使 pH 值完全恢复,所以在确定另一种原发性酸碱失衡是否与呼吸性碱中毒共存时,pH 值是一个关键指标。在急性和慢性呼吸性碱中毒中,预测的 HCO₃- 浓度的明显偏差可提示存在另一种原发性酸碱失衡。注意,在单纯性慢性呼吸性碱中毒中,血清 HCO₃- 很少降低到 12 至 14 mmol/L,如果低于该值,则表明代谢性酸中毒是一个独立成分。[48]Kaehny WD. Respiratory acid-base disorders. Med Clin North Am. 1983 Jul;67(4):915-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6410136?tool=bestpractice.com 如果低碳酸血症与酸血症同时出现,则会出现原发性呼吸性碱中毒;如果低碳酸血症的程度比预期严重,则应注意同时出现的代谢性酸中毒。
鉴别诊断
常见
- 肺栓塞
- 脓毒症和全身炎症反应综合征(SIRS)
- 急性呼吸窘迫综合征 (ARDS)
- 肺炎
- 心源性休克
- 肺水肿
- 缺血性卒中
- 出血性卒中
- 水杨酸药物过量
- 伪呼吸性碱中毒
- 妊娠
- 成人哮喘
- 儿童哮喘
- 低氧血症
- 肝硬化
- 心肺转流术
不常见
- 气胸
- 脑膜炎
- 脑炎
- 脑肿瘤
- 外伤性脑损伤
- 机械通气
- 高海拔相关疾病
- 广泛性焦虑障碍
- 特发性肺动脉高压
- 肺间质纤维化
- 中枢性睡眠呼吸暂停
- 低血容量休克
- 重度贫血
- 肺部挫伤
- 中枢神经性过度通气
- 过度通气综合征
- 高热性呼吸增强
- 紫绀型心脏病
- 血红蛋白病
- 体外膜肺氧合 (extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, ECMO)
- 暴发性肝功能衰竭
- 肝肺综合征
- 门脉性肺动脉高压
- 尼古丁、黄嘌呤、儿茶酚胺、呼吸兴奋剂、促孕剂
- 情境性焦虑
撰稿人
作者
Brian Dang, MD
Fellow in Pulmonary Care and Critical Care
University of California
Irvine
利益声明
BD declares that he has no competing interests.
Catherine S. Sassoon, MD
Professor of Medicine
University of California
Irvine
CA
利益声明
CSS is a member of the editorial board of American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. CSS is an author of a reference cited in this topic.
鸣谢
Dr Catherine S. Sassoon and Dr Brian Dang would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Asad Qasim, Dr Wilson Yan, Dr Jeremy Murdock, and Dr Sterling L. Malish, previous contributors to this topic. AQ, WY, JM, and SLM declare that they have no competing interests.
同行评议者
Feras Hawari, MD
Chief of Pulmonary and Critical Care
King Hussein Cancer Center
Amman
Jordan
利益声明
FH declares that he has no competing interests.
John G. Laffey, MD
Professor and Head
Department of Anesthesia
Galway University Hospitals
Galway
Ireland
利益声明
JGL is an author of a number of references cited in this topic.
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