最后审阅： 11 四月 2021
最后更新： 13 三月 2019
小结
定义
病史和体格检查
诊断性检查
治疗流程
撰稿人
作者
Professor of Medicine
Division of Cardiology
University of California
San Francisco
CA
利益声明
VSM declares that he is a proctor for Edwards Lifesciences for transcatheter valves and also a proctor for Abbott for closure devices.
Fellow in Structural Cardiac Intervention
University of California
San Francisco
CA
利益声明
HA declares that he has no competing interests.
Dr Vaikom S. Mahadevan and Dr Harsh Agrawal would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Jonathan Bella, Dr Liran Blum, and Dr Michael Spinelli, previous contributors to this topic.
利益声明
JB, LB, and MS declare that they have no competing interests.
同行评议者
Professor of Medicine
Director of Echocardiography
Mayo Clinic
Jacksonville
FL
利益声明
RC declares that he has no competing interests.
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