治疗流程
请注意药品名称和品牌、药品处方或地区之间的配方/用药途径和剂量可能有所不同。治疗建议针对患者特定群体提出: 查看免责声明
注意该图标: 指代由于受患者合并症影响而改变或添加的治疗选择。
疑似 CAP:在医院就诊且病情危及生命
经验性静脉抗生素治疗
对病情危及生命的医院就诊患者根据推定的 CAP 临床诊断予以经验性抗生素治疗。
立即申请胸部 X 线检查以确认诊断。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
一旦确诊 CAP,应根据以下规程管理此类患者:通过胸部 X 线检查确诊 CAP:医院就诊患者。
Practical tip
当有感染临床证据或强烈怀疑感染的成年患者出现急性恶化时,需考虑“这是否可能为脓毒症?”。[66]Royal College of Physicians. National early warning score (NEWS) 2: standardising the assessment of acute-illness severity in the NHS. Dec 2017 [internet publication]. https://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/projects/outputs/national-early-warning-score-news-2 [67]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Sepsis: recognition, diagnosis and early management. September 2017 [internet publication]. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng51 [68]NHS England. Sepsis guidance implementation advice for adults. September 2017 [internet publication]. https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/sepsis-guidance-implementation-advice-for-adults.pdf 请参阅 “成人脓毒症”。
患者可能具有非特异性或非局限性症状(例如突发不适但体温正常),或可能存在多器官功能障碍和休克的重症征象。[66]Royal College of Physicians. National early warning score (NEWS) 2: standardising the assessment of acute-illness severity in the NHS. Dec 2017 [internet publication]. https://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/projects/outputs/national-early-warning-score-news-2 [67]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Sepsis: recognition, diagnosis and early management. September 2017 [internet publication]. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng51 [68]NHS England. Sepsis guidance implementation advice for adults. September 2017 [internet publication]. https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/sepsis-guidance-implementation-advice-for-adults.pdf
需意识到,脓毒症代表严重致死性终末感染。[79]Inada-Kim M. Introducing the suspicion of sepsis insights dashboard. Royal College of Pathologists Bulletin. 2019 Apr;186;109.
肺炎是脓毒症主要来源之一。[80]Scala R, Schultz M, Bos LDJ, et al. New Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines: back to the art of medicine. Eur Respir J. 2018 Jul;52(1):1701818. https://www.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01818-2017 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29997181?tool=bestpractice.com
采用系统性方法(例如英国国家早期预警评分 2 [national early warning score 2, NEWS2] )并结合临床判断,评估脓毒症导致恶化的风险。[66]Royal College of Physicians. National early warning score (NEWS) 2: standardising the assessment of acute-illness severity in the NHS. Dec 2017 [internet publication]. https://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/projects/outputs/national-early-warning-score-news-2 [68]NHS England. Sepsis guidance implementation advice for adults. September 2017 [internet publication]. https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/sepsis-guidance-implementation-advice-for-adults.pdf [69]Nutbeam T, Daniels R; The UK Sepsis Trust. Clinical tools [internet publication]. https://sepsistrust.org/professional-resources/clinical-tools [81]Evans L, Rhodes A, Alhazzani W, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021. Crit Care Med. 2021 Nov 1;49(11):e1063-143. https://journals.lww.com/ccmjournal/Fulltext/2021/11000/Surviving_Sepsis_Campaign__International.21.aspx http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34605781?tool=bestpractice.com 关于您所在机构的推荐处理方法,请查阅当地指南。
如果您怀疑脓毒症,请安排高年资临床决策者(例如英国 ST4 级别医生)紧急审查:[70]Academy of Medical Royal Colleges. Statement on the initial antimicrobial treatment of sepsis V2.0. Oct 2022 [internet publication]. https://www.aomrc.org.uk/reports-guidance/statement-on-the-initial-antimicrobial-treatment-of-sepsis-v2-0
30 分钟内(对于危重患者,例如,NEWS2 评分为 7 分或以上,有脓毒性休克证据,或其他重大临床问题)。
1 小时内(对于病情严重的患者,例如,NEWS2 评分为 5 分或 6 分)。
对于所有疑似脓毒症或存在风险的患者,需遵循当地常规,给予检查和治疗。立即开始治疗。根据感染的可能性和疾病严重程度,或遵循当地常规,确定治疗紧迫性。[70]Academy of Medical Royal Colleges. Statement on the initial antimicrobial treatment of sepsis V2.0. Oct 2022 [internet publication]. https://www.aomrc.org.uk/reports-guidance/statement-on-the-initial-antimicrobial-treatment-of-sepsis-v2-0 [81]Evans L, Rhodes A, Alhazzani W, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021. Crit Care Med. 2021 Nov 1;49(11):e1063-143. https://journals.lww.com/ccmjournal/Fulltext/2021/11000/Surviving_Sepsis_Campaign__International.21.aspx http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34605781?tool=bestpractice.com
在社区:如果任何疑似感染的急症患者符合以下标准,应转至医院急诊科(英国通常用蓝灯救护车转诊):[67]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Sepsis: recognition, diagnosis and early management. September 2017 [internet publication]. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng51
被认为器官功能障碍导致恶化的风险较高(通过风险分层衡量)
存在中性粒细胞减少性脓毒症的风险。
支持性治疗
针对特定患者群中所有患者的治疗建议
提供支持性治疗,可能包括以下措施。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
氧气
如果血氧饱和度 <94%,予以氧疗并将血氧饱和度维持在目标范围内。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults 对于存在 CO2 潴留风险的患者,如果血氧饱和度<88%,应给予氧疗。[71]O'Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Earis J, et al. BTS guideline for oxygen use in adults in healthcare and emergency settings. Thorax. 2017 Jun;72 (Suppl 1):ii1-90. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/document-library/guidelines/emergency-oxygen/bts-guideline-for-oxygen-use-in-adults-in-healthcare-and-emergency-settings http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28507176?tool=bestpractice.com
监测控制性氧疗。对大多数无高碳酸血症风险的急症患者给予辅助氧疗时,可将 SpO2 上限设为 96% 。
证据表明,在急性患病成人中,与更为保守的氧疗相比,自由氧疗(目标 SpO2 >96%)与更高的死亡率相关。[72]Chu DK, Kim LH, Young PJ, et al. Mortality and morbidity in acutely ill adults treated with liberal versus conservative oxygen therapy (IOTA): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018 Apr 28;391(10131):1693-705. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29726345?tool=bestpractice.com
如果患者有发生高碳酸血症型呼吸衰竭的风险,则适合采取较低的目标 SpO2 为 88%-92%。[71]O'Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Earis J, et al. BTS guideline for oxygen use in adults in healthcare and emergency settings. Thorax. 2017 Jun;72 (Suppl 1):ii1-90. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/document-library/guidelines/emergency-oxygen/bts-guideline-for-oxygen-use-in-adults-in-healthcare-and-emergency-settings http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28507176?tool=bestpractice.com
证据:急症成人的目标血氧饱和度
辅助供氧过量将增加死亡率。
对于无高碳酸血症风险的急症成人患者,来自大型系统评价和荟萃分析的证据支持采取保守/控制性氧疗,而非自由氧疗。
对于正在接受辅助供氧的突发不适成人,指南对目标氧饱和度的推荐存在差异。
2017 年英国胸科协会(British Thoracic Society, BTS)指南建议,对于无高碳酸血症风险的患者,SpO2 的目标范围应设为 94%-98%,而 2022 年澳大利亚和新西兰胸科学会的指南则建议该目标范围为 92%-96%。[71]O'Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Earis J, et al. BTS guideline for oxygen use in adults in healthcare and emergency settings. Thorax. 2017 Jun;72 (Suppl 1):ii1-90. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/document-library/guidelines/emergency-oxygen/bts-guideline-for-oxygen-use-in-adults-in-healthcare-and-emergency-settings http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28507176?tool=bestpractice.com [130]Barnett A, Beasley R, Buchan C, et al. Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand position statement on acute oxygen use in adults: 'Swimming between the flags'. Respirology. 2022 Apr;27(4):262-76. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9303673 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35178831?tool=bestpractice.com
2022 年全球哮喘防治创议(Global Initiative for Asthma, GINA)指南建议,急性哮喘发作时将 SpO2 目标范围设为 93%-96%。[131]Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention (2022 update). 2022 [internet publication]. https://ginasthma.org/gina-reports
2018 年发表的包含 25 项随机对照试验荟萃分析数据的系统评价发现,对于急症成人患者,接受自由氧疗(大致相当于目标血氧饱和度 >96%)比保守氧疗(大致相当于目标血氧饱和度 ≤96%)的死亡率更高。[72]Chu DK, Kim LH, Young PJ, et al. Mortality and morbidity in acutely ill adults treated with liberal versus conservative oxygen therapy (IOTA): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018 Apr 28;391(10131):1693-705. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29726345?tool=bestpractice.com 自由氧疗组比保守氧疗组的住院死亡率高 11/1000(95% CI 2/1000-22/1000)。自由氧疗组患者的 30 日死亡率也更高(RR 1.14,95% CI 1.01-1.29)。这些试验纳入了脓毒症、危重症、脑卒中、创伤、心肌梗死或心脏停搏的成人患者,以及接受急诊手术的患者。这项系统评价排除了受试者仅限于慢性呼吸系统疾病或精神疾病患者或接受体外生命支持、高压氧治疗或择期手术患者的研究。
因此,向无高碳酸血症风险的急症患者给予辅助供氧时,SpO2 上限为 96% 较为合理。但是,更高的目标值可能适合某些特定疾病(例如气胸、一氧化碳中毒,丛集性头痛以及镰状细胞危象)。[132]Siemieniuk RAC, Chu DK, Kim LH, et al. Oxygen therapy for acutely ill medical patients: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2018 Oct 24;363:k4169. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30355567?tool=bestpractice.com
2019 年,BTS 针对这一系统评价和荟萃分析,对其指南进行回顾审定,决定无需进行临时更新。[113]British Thoracic Society. BTS guideline for oxygen in healthcare and emergency settings. December 2019 update. December 2019 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/emergency-oxygen
学会指出,系统评价支持为控制性氧疗设定目标。
虽然系统评价显示,高氧饱和度与高死亡率具有相关性,但 BTS 委员会认为该评价并未明确最佳目标氧饱和度范围。该评价中建议的 94%-96% 范围基于较低的 95% 置信区间和自由给氧组的中位基线 SpO2,以及更早的 2015 年 TSANZ 指南建议。
随后,COVID-19 大流行期间的经验也使临床医生更清楚地认识到允许性低氧血症的可行性。[133]Voshaar T, Stais P, Köhler D, et al. Conservative management of COVID-19 associated hypoxaemia. ERJ Open Res. 2021 Jan;7(1):00026-2021. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7848791 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33738306?tool=bestpractice.com
重症监护患者氧疗管理属于专科领域,应获取更具体的进一步证据,指导该情境处理。[134]Barbateskovic M, Schjørring OL, Russo Krauss S, et al. Higher versus lower fraction of inspired oxygen or targets of arterial oxygenation for adults admitted to the intensive care unit. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Nov 27;2019(11):CD012631. https://www.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012631.pub2 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31773728?tool=bestpractice.com [135]ICU-ROX Investigators and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Clinical Trials Group, Mackle D, Bellomo R, et al. Conservative oxygen therapy during mechanical ventilation in the ICU. N Engl J Med. 2020 Mar 12;382(11):989-98. https://www.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1903297 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31613432?tool=bestpractice.com [136]Cumpstey AF, Oldman AH, Smith AF, et al. Oxygen targets in the intensive care unit during mechanical ventilation for acute respiratory distress syndrome: a rapid review. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Sep 1;9:CD013708. https://www.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013708 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32870512?tool=bestpractice.com
检测以下患者的动脉血气:SpO2<94% 的患者、存在高碳酸血症性呼吸衰竭风险(CO2 潴留)的患者以及所有重度 CAP 患者。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
Practical tip
务必清晰地记录吸入氧浓度,因为这对于判读血气结果至关重要。
液体复苏
评估所有患者容量不足的情况,需要时予以静脉输液。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
标准重症监护病房(ICU)支持性治疗
安排需要收入 ICU 的患者转入 ICU,并由 ICU 专科医生和呼吸科医生共同进行管理。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
尽管经过了适当的给氧治疗,呼吸衰竭患者仍需给予紧急气道管理,并有行气管插管可能。
对于 CAP 导致呼吸衰竭的患者,请勿常规予以无创通气(non-invasive ventilation, NIV)或持续气道正压通气(continuous positive airways pressure, CPAP)支持。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
如有相关指征,应仅在危重症诊疗病房进行试验性无创支持,因为此类病房随时备有专业人员和设备,可快速转为有创通气。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
血管加压药
如果患者在液体复苏期间或之后出现低血压,则开始使用血管加压药,以使平均动脉压维持在 ≥65 mmHg。[137]Levy MM, Evans LE, Rhodes A. The Surviving Sepsis Campaign bundle: 2018 update. Crit Care Med. 2018 Jun;46(6):997-1000. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29767636?tool=bestpractice.com 请参阅 成人脓毒症。
镇痛
酌情(例如针对 胸膜炎性疼痛)予以简单镇痛。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
第一选择
对乙酰氨基酚: 口服:500-1000 mg,口服,需要时每 4-6 小时一次,最大剂量为 4000 mg/d;静脉给药(体重<51 kg):15 mg/kg,静脉给药,需要时每 4-6 小时一次,每日最大剂量为 60 mg/kg;静脉给药(体重≥51 kg):1000 mg,静脉给药,需要时每 4-6 小时一次,最大剂量为 4000 mg/d(如果存在肝毒性的危险因素,则最大剂量为 3000 mg/d)
These drug options and doses relate to a patient with no comorbidities.
第一选择
对乙酰氨基酚: 口服:500-1000 mg,口服,需要时每 4-6 小时一次,最大剂量为 4000 mg/d;静脉给药(体重<51 kg):15 mg/kg,静脉给药,需要时每 4-6 小时一次,每日最大剂量为 60 mg/kg;静脉给药(体重≥51 kg):1000 mg,静脉给药,需要时每 4-6 小时一次,最大剂量为 4000 mg/d(如果存在肝毒性的危险因素,则最大剂量为 3000 mg/d)
Drug choice, dose and interactions may be affected by the patient's comorbidities. Check your local drug formulary.
Show drug information for a patient with no comorbidities
第一选择
对乙酰氨基酚
疑似 CAP:在医院就诊且病情不危及生命
确认诊断的同时予以支持性治疗
首先通过胸部 X 线检查确认诊断,然后开始抗生素治疗。
对于病情未危及生命的医院就诊患者,首先通过胸部 X 线检查确认诊断,然后开始抗生素治疗。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults 经胸部 X 线检查确诊后,按照以下方案对CAP 患者 进行管理。
同时根据需要提供支持性治疗,可能包括以下措施。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
氧气
如果血氧饱和度 <94%,予以氧疗并将血氧饱和度维持在目标范围内。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults 对于有高碳酸血症风险的患者,如果血氧饱和度<88%,应给予氧疗。[71]O'Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Earis J, et al. BTS guideline for oxygen use in adults in healthcare and emergency settings. Thorax. 2017 Jun;72 (Suppl 1):ii1-90. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/document-library/guidelines/emergency-oxygen/bts-guideline-for-oxygen-use-in-adults-in-healthcare-and-emergency-settings http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28507176?tool=bestpractice.com
监测控制性氧疗。对大多数无高碳酸血症风险的急症患者给予辅助氧疗时,可将 SpO2 上限设为 96% 。
证据表明,在急性患病成人中,与更为保守的氧疗相比,自由氧疗(目标 SpO2 >96%)与更高的死亡率相关。[72]Chu DK, Kim LH, Young PJ, et al. Mortality and morbidity in acutely ill adults treated with liberal versus conservative oxygen therapy (IOTA): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018 Apr 28;391(10131):1693-705. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29726345?tool=bestpractice.com
如果患者有发生高碳酸血症型呼吸衰竭的风险,则适合采取较低的目标 SpO2 为 88%-92%。[71]O'Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Earis J, et al. BTS guideline for oxygen use in adults in healthcare and emergency settings. Thorax. 2017 Jun;72 (Suppl 1):ii1-90. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/document-library/guidelines/emergency-oxygen/bts-guideline-for-oxygen-use-in-adults-in-healthcare-and-emergency-settings http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28507176?tool=bestpractice.com
证据:急症成人的目标血氧饱和度
辅助供氧过量将增加死亡率。
对于无高碳酸血症风险的急症成人患者,来自大型系统评价和荟萃分析的证据支持采取保守/控制性氧疗,而非自由氧疗。
对于正在接受辅助供氧的突发不适成人,指南对目标氧饱和度的推荐存在差异。
2017 年英国胸科协会(British Thoracic Society, BTS)指南建议,对于无高碳酸血症风险的患者,SpO2 的目标范围应设为 94%-98%,而 2022 年澳大利亚和新西兰胸科学会的指南则建议该目标范围为 92%-96%。[71]O'Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Earis J, et al. BTS guideline for oxygen use in adults in healthcare and emergency settings. Thorax. 2017 Jun;72 (Suppl 1):ii1-90. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/document-library/guidelines/emergency-oxygen/bts-guideline-for-oxygen-use-in-adults-in-healthcare-and-emergency-settings http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28507176?tool=bestpractice.com [130]Barnett A, Beasley R, Buchan C, et al. Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand position statement on acute oxygen use in adults: 'Swimming between the flags'. Respirology. 2022 Apr;27(4):262-76. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9303673 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35178831?tool=bestpractice.com
2022 年全球哮喘防治创议(Global Initiative for Asthma, GINA)指南建议,急性哮喘发作时将 SpO2 目标范围设为 93%-96%。[131]Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention (2022 update). 2022 [internet publication]. https://ginasthma.org/gina-reports
2018 年发表的包含 25 项随机对照试验荟萃分析数据的系统评价发现,对于急症成人患者,接受自由氧疗(大致相当于目标血氧饱和度 >96%)比保守氧疗(大致相当于目标血氧饱和度 ≤96%)的死亡率更高。[72]Chu DK, Kim LH, Young PJ, et al. Mortality and morbidity in acutely ill adults treated with liberal versus conservative oxygen therapy (IOTA): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018 Apr 28;391(10131):1693-705. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29726345?tool=bestpractice.com 自由氧疗组比保守氧疗组的住院死亡率高 11/1000(95% CI 2/1000-22/1000)。自由氧疗组患者的 30 日死亡率也更高(RR 1.14,95% CI 1.01-1.29)。这些试验纳入了脓毒症、危重症、脑卒中、创伤、心肌梗死或心脏停搏的成人患者,以及接受急诊手术的患者。这项系统评价排除了受试者仅限于慢性呼吸系统疾病或精神疾病患者或接受体外生命支持、高压氧治疗或择期手术患者的研究。
因此,向无高碳酸血症风险的急症患者给予辅助供氧时,SpO2 上限为 96% 较为合理。但是,更高的目标值可能适合某些特定疾病(例如气胸、一氧化碳中毒,丛集性头痛以及镰状细胞危象)。[132]Siemieniuk RAC, Chu DK, Kim LH, et al. Oxygen therapy for acutely ill medical patients: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2018 Oct 24;363:k4169. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30355567?tool=bestpractice.com
2019 年,BTS 针对这一系统评价和荟萃分析,对其指南进行回顾审定,决定无需进行临时更新。[113]British Thoracic Society. BTS guideline for oxygen in healthcare and emergency settings. December 2019 update. December 2019 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/emergency-oxygen
学会指出,系统评价支持为控制性氧疗设定目标。
虽然系统评价显示,高氧饱和度与高死亡率具有相关性,但 BTS 委员会认为该评价并未明确最佳目标氧饱和度范围。该评价中建议的 94%-96% 范围基于较低的 95% 置信区间和自由给氧组的中位基线 SpO2,以及更早的 2015 年 TSANZ 指南建议。
随后,COVID-19 大流行期间的经验也使临床医生更清楚地认识到允许性低氧血症的可行性。[133]Voshaar T, Stais P, Köhler D, et al. Conservative management of COVID-19 associated hypoxaemia. ERJ Open Res. 2021 Jan;7(1):00026-2021. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7848791 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33738306?tool=bestpractice.com
重症监护患者氧疗管理属于专科领域,应获取更具体的进一步证据,指导该情境处理。[134]Barbateskovic M, Schjørring OL, Russo Krauss S, et al. Higher versus lower fraction of inspired oxygen or targets of arterial oxygenation for adults admitted to the intensive care unit. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Nov 27;2019(11):CD012631. https://www.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012631.pub2 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31773728?tool=bestpractice.com [135]ICU-ROX Investigators and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Clinical Trials Group, Mackle D, Bellomo R, et al. Conservative oxygen therapy during mechanical ventilation in the ICU. N Engl J Med. 2020 Mar 12;382(11):989-98. https://www.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1903297 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31613432?tool=bestpractice.com [136]Cumpstey AF, Oldman AH, Smith AF, et al. Oxygen targets in the intensive care unit during mechanical ventilation for acute respiratory distress syndrome: a rapid review. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Sep 1;9:CD013708. https://www.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013708 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32870512?tool=bestpractice.com
检测以下患者的动脉血气:SpO2<94%的患者、存在高碳酸血症性呼吸衰竭风险(CO2 潴留)的患者以及所有重度 CAP 患者。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
Practical tip
务必清晰地记录吸入氧浓度,因为这对于判读血气结果至关重要。
液体复苏
评估所有患者容量不足的情况,需要时予以静脉输液。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
标准重症监护病房(ICU)支持性治疗
安排需要收入 ICU 的患者转入 ICU,并由 ICU 专科医生和呼吸科医生共同进行管理。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
尽管经过了适当的给氧治疗,呼吸衰竭患者仍需给予紧急气道管理,并有行气管插管可能。
对于 CAP 导致呼吸衰竭的患者,请勿常规予以无创通气(non-invasive ventilation, NIV)或持续气道正压通气(continuous positive airways pressure, CPAP)支持。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
如有相关指征,应仅在危重症诊疗病房进行试验性无创支持,因为此类病房随时备有专业人员和设备,可快速转为有创通气。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
血管加压药
如果患者在液体复苏期间或之后出现低血压,则开始使用血管加压药,以使平均动脉压维持在 ≥65 mmHg。[137]Levy MM, Evans LE, Rhodes A. The Surviving Sepsis Campaign bundle: 2018 update. Crit Care Med. 2018 Jun;46(6):997-1000. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29767636?tool=bestpractice.com 有关更多信息,请参阅成人脓毒症专题。
镇痛
酌情(例如针对胸膜炎性疼痛)予以简单镇痛。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
第一选择
对乙酰氨基酚: 口服:500-1000 mg,口服,需要时每 4-6 小时一次,最大剂量为 4000 mg/d;静脉给药(体重<51 kg):15 mg/kg,静脉给药,需要时每 4-6 小时一次,每日最大剂量为 60 mg/kg;静脉给药(体重≥51 kg):1000 mg,静脉给药,需要时每 4-6 小时一次,最大剂量为 4000 mg/d(如果存在肝毒性的危险因素,则最大剂量为 3000 mg/d)
These drug options and doses relate to a patient with no comorbidities.
第一选择
对乙酰氨基酚: 口服:500-1000 mg,口服,需要时每 4-6 小时一次,最大剂量为 4000 mg/d;静脉给药(体重<51 kg):15 mg/kg,静脉给药,需要时每 4-6 小时一次,每日最大剂量为 60 mg/kg;静脉给药(体重≥51 kg):1000 mg,静脉给药,需要时每 4-6 小时一次,最大剂量为 4000 mg/d(如果存在肝毒性的危险因素,则最大剂量为 3000 mg/d)
Drug choice, dose and interactions may be affected by the patient's comorbidities. Check your local drug formulary.
Show drug information for a patient with no comorbidities
第一选择
对乙酰氨基酚
疑似 CAP:社区就诊患者
紧急入院
将在社区就诊的重度 CAP 患者(CRB-65 评分为 3 或 4)立即转入医院(在英国通常使用蓝灯救护车)。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [63]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia in adults: diagnosis and management. July 2022 [internet publication]. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg191 [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
在医院,一旦通过胸部 X 线检查确诊 CAP 且评估了疾病严重程度,应按照以下规程管理此类患者:通过胸部 X 线检查确诊 CAP:医院就诊患者。
Practical tip
如果您需要将患者转到医院急救诊疗,必须告知医院临床团队患者正在转诊途中。这样,等患者到达医院后,医院便能够立即开始适当的治疗。
转院前给予经验性抗生素治疗
针对特定患者群中部分患者治疗的附加建议
对于任何疑似重度 CAP 且认为病情危及生命的患者,首先根据当地规程予以经验性抗生素治疗,然后转至医院(在英国通常使用蓝灯救护车)。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
英国胸科协会指南建议静脉使用苄青霉素或口服阿莫西林。对于对青霉素过敏的患者,替代选择为口服克拉霉素。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
对于疑似重度 CAP 且入院及治疗可能延迟 6 小时以上的患者,考虑首先予以经验性抗生素治疗,然后转至医院。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
入院前抗生素治疗会对后续微生物学检查结果造成负面影响,但如果全科医生认为有用药指征,则不得因为这一原因而不使用抗生素。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
有关抗生素治疗方案的选择,请查阅当地规程以获取指导。
转诊至医院
将在社区就诊的中度 CAP 患者(CRB-65 评分为 1 或 2)转至医院进行评估和管理。此类患者(尤其是评分为 2 的患者)死亡风险有所增加。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [63]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia in adults: diagnosis and management. July 2022 [internet publication]. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg191 [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
在医院,一旦通过胸部 X 线检查确诊 CAP 且评估了疾病严重程度,应按照以下规程管理此类患者:通过胸部 X 线检查确诊 CAP:医院就诊患者。
如果患者更希望在家接受治疗并且满足以下标准,考虑在社区治疗患者:[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [63]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia in adults: diagnosis and management. July 2022 [internet publication]. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg191 [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
能安全可靠地口服药物
其社会环境允许其在家接受治疗
无不稳定的合并症。
但是,在决定中度 CAP 患者是否可以在社区安全接受治疗时,务必保持谨慎。您应将大部分此类患者转诊至医院。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [63]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia in adults: diagnosis and management. July 2022 [internet publication]. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg191 [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
如果决定在社区治疗患者,应遵循与下文针对在社区就诊的疑似 CAP 患者(轻度)的相同治疗建议。
经验性口服抗生素治疗
对于轻度 CAP 患者(CRB-65 评分为 0),给予经验性口服抗生素并在社区进行管理。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [63]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia in adults: diagnosis and management. July 2022 [internet publication]. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg191 [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
一线选择是阿莫西林。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults 如果患者呈 青霉素过敏,则替代药物包括大环内酯类药物(例如克拉霉素)或四环素(例如多西环素)。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
如果患者对阿莫西林单药疗法无应答,考虑加用或改用大环内酯类药物(例如克拉霉素)。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
建议患者(及其照护者)在症状快速或显著加重、症状在 3 天内无任何改善或患者全身极度不适时寻求医疗建议。[117]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia (community-acquired): antimicrobial prescribing. Sep 2019 [internet publication]. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng138
将任何正在接受抗生素治疗且出现中度或重度感染特征的患者紧急收治入院。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults 约 10% 的社区就诊患者对抗生素治疗无反应,需住院治疗。[142]Niederman M. In the clinic: community-acquired pneumonia. Ann Intern Med. 2009 Oct 6;151(7):ITC42-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19805767?tool=bestpractice.com
给予抗生素治疗,持续 5 天。[117]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia (community-acquired): antimicrobial prescribing. Sep 2019 [internet publication]. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng138 [125]Lee RA, Centor RM, Humphrey LL, et al. Appropriate use of short-course antibiotics in common infections: best practice advice from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2021 Apr 6 [Epub ahead of print]. https://www.doi.org/10.7326/M20-7355 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33819054?tool=bestpractice.com 英国国家卫生与临床优化研究所建议 5 日后停止治疗,除非微生物学结果提示需要更长疗程或患者临床情况不稳定。 这具体应基于您的临床判断及以下标准:[117]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia (community-acquired): antimicrobial prescribing. Sep 2019 [internet publication]. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng138 [126]Uranga A, España PP, Bilbao A, et al. Duration of antibiotic treatment in community-acquired pneumonia: a multicenter randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2016 Sep 1;176(9):1257-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27455166?tool=bestpractice.com
过去 48 小时内有发热,或出现多个提示临床情况不稳定的体征:
收缩压 <90 mmHg
心率>100 次/分
呼吸频率 >24 次/分
动脉血氧饱和度 <90% 或在室内空气中 PaO2 <60 mmHg。
有关抗生素治疗方案的选择,请查阅当地常规以获取指导。
支持性治疗
针对特定患者群中所有患者的治疗建议
建议患者多休息、多喝水、勿吸烟。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
酌情(例如针对胸膜炎性疼痛)予以简单镇痛。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
第一选择
对乙酰氨基酚: 口服:500-1000 mg,口服,需要时每 4-6 小时一次,最大剂量为 4000 mg/d;静脉给药(体重<51 kg):15 mg/kg,静脉给药,需要时每 4-6 小时一次,每日最大剂量为 60 mg/kg;静脉给药(体重≥51 kg):1000 mg,静脉给药,需要时每 4-6 小时一次,最大剂量为 4000 mg/d(如果存在肝毒性的危险因素,则最大剂量为 3000 mg/d)
These drug options and doses relate to a patient with no comorbidities.
第一选择
对乙酰氨基酚: 口服:500-1000 mg,口服,需要时每 4-6 小时一次,最大剂量为 4000 mg/d;静脉给药(体重<51 kg):15 mg/kg,静脉给药,需要时每 4-6 小时一次,每日最大剂量为 60 mg/kg;静脉给药(体重≥51 kg):1000 mg,静脉给药,需要时每 4-6 小时一次,最大剂量为 4000 mg/d(如果存在肝毒性的危险因素,则最大剂量为 3000 mg/d)
Drug choice, dose and interactions may be affected by the patient's comorbidities. Check your local drug formulary.
Show drug information for a patient with no comorbidities
第一选择
对乙酰氨基酚
住院
针对特定患者群中部分患者治疗的附加建议
如果存在以下情况,考虑将患者转诊至医院:[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [63]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia in adults: diagnosis and management. July 2022 [internet publication]. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg191 [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
不能安全可靠地口服药物
其社会环境不允许其在家治疗
伴有不稳定的合并症。
更希望在医院接受治疗。
在医院,一旦通过胸部 X 线检查确诊 CAP 且评估了疾病严重程度,应按照以下规程管理此类患者:通过胸部 X 线检查确诊 CAP:医院就诊患者。
通过胸部 X 线检查确诊 CAP:医院就诊患者
经验性静脉抗生素治疗
始终让重度 CAP 患者在医院接受治疗。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
作出诊断后立即静脉给予经验性广谱抗生素。应在医院就诊后 4 小时内进行。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults [117]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia (community-acquired): antimicrobial prescribing. Sep 2019 [internet publication]. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng138
根据当地规程开具适当的抗生素治疗方案,以帮助减少抗生素耐药性和艰难梭菌感染的发生。咨询微生物学家。英国胸科协会(British Thoracic Society, BTS)建议:[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
广谱耐 β-内酰胺酶青霉素(例如阿莫西林克拉维酸)加用大环内酯类药物(例如克拉霉素)。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
对于对青霉素过敏的患者,给予第二代头孢菌素(例如头孢呋辛)或第三代头孢菌素(例如头孢噻肟或头孢曲松)加用大环内酯类药物(例如克拉霉素)。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
少数患者对青霉素和头孢菌素均过敏;对于此类患者,请咨询传染科顾问医生以选择适当的抗生素。
收入病房后首次查房时,应评估给药途径 ,随后每日评估一次。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults 酌情尽快降级治疗,包括将静脉给药改为口服治疗。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults 作此决策时,应考虑治疗疗效(参见实用提示)、疾病严重程度的变化以及口服给药禁忌证,例如:[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
患者无法吞咽(例如吞咽反射受损、意识受损)
功能或解剖学因素所致胃肠道吸收不良。
Practical tip
临床改善指标
以下临床特征提示您应考虑将静脉给药改为口服抗生素治疗:[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
脉率 <100 次/分
呼吸急促消退
临床表现显示水合状态良好,可以口服补液
发热消退 >24 小时
低血压消退
无缺氧
白细胞计数改善
非菌血症性感染
无军团菌、葡萄球菌或革兰氏阴性肠杆菌感染的微生物学证据
无胃肠道吸收问题。
给予抗生素治疗,持续 5 天。[117]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia (community-acquired): antimicrobial prescribing. Sep 2019 [internet publication]. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng138 [125]Lee RA, Centor RM, Humphrey LL, et al. Appropriate use of short-course antibiotics in common infections: best practice advice from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2021 Apr 6 [Epub ahead of print]. https://www.doi.org/10.7326/M20-7355 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33819054?tool=bestpractice.com 英国国家卫生与临床优化研究所建议5 天后停止治疗,除非微生物学结果提示患者需要更长疗程或临床情况不稳定。 [117]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia (community-acquired): antimicrobial prescribing. Sep 2019 [internet publication]. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng138 具体应基于您的临床判断及以下标准:[117]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia (community-acquired): antimicrobial prescribing. Sep 2019 [internet publication]. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng138 [126]Uranga A, España PP, Bilbao A, et al. Duration of antibiotic treatment in community-acquired pneumonia: a multicenter randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2016 Sep 1;176(9):1257-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27455166?tool=bestpractice.com
过去 48 小时内有发热,或出现多个提示临床情况不稳定的体征:
收缩压 <90 mmHg
心率>100 次/分
呼吸频率 >24 次/分
动脉血氧饱和度 <90% 或在室内空气中 PaO2 <60 mmHg。
某些患者可能因个体情况需要更长疗程。在英国,如果要考虑将重度 CAP 患者的抗生素治疗时间延长至 5 天以上,某些医院要求咨询微生物学团队。请遵循当地规程。
有关抗生素治疗方案的选择,请查阅当地规程以获取指导。
氟喹诺酮类
针对特定患者群中部分患者治疗的附加建议
给予氟喹诺酮类药物前,请咨询微生物学家和上级医师。
考虑与使用氟喹诺酮类药物相关的安全性问题。已知氟喹诺酮类药物可导致肌腱炎、肌腱断裂、关节痛、神经病变以及其他肌肉骨骼或神经系统不良反应。[127]European Medicines Agency. Quinolone- and fluoroquinolone-containing medicinal products. Mar 2019 [internet publication]. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/referrals/quinolone-fluoroquinolone-containing-medicinal-products [128]Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Fluoroquinolone antibiotics: new restrictions and precautions for use due to very rare reports of disabling and potentially long-lasting or irreversible side effects. Mar 2019 [internet publication]. https://www.gov.uk/drug-safety-update/fluoroquinolone-antibiotics-new-restrictions-and-precautions-for-use-due-to-very-rare-reports-of-disabling-and-potentially-long-lasting-or-irreversible-side-effects
如果患者无应答或高度怀疑军团菌肺炎,英国胸科协会指南建议在现有经验性方案上加用一种氟喹诺酮类药物(即三联疗法)。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults 但在实践中,有些医生会担心联合使用大环内酯类和氟喹诺酮类药物的风险,因为两者都会延长 QT 间期。因此,一些临床医生可能会将原始经验性方案中的大环内酯类药物替换成氟喹诺酮类药物(即二联疗法)。
支持性治疗
针对特定患者群中所有患者的治疗建议
提供支持性治疗,可能包括以下措施。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
氧气
如果血氧饱和度 <94%,予以氧疗并将血氧饱和度维持在目标范围内。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults 对于存在高碳酸血症风险的患者,如果血氧饱和度<88%,应给予氧疗。[71]O'Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Earis J, et al. BTS guideline for oxygen use in adults in healthcare and emergency settings. Thorax. 2017 Jun;72 (Suppl 1):ii1-90. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/document-library/guidelines/emergency-oxygen/bts-guideline-for-oxygen-use-in-adults-in-healthcare-and-emergency-settings http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28507176?tool=bestpractice.com
监测控制性氧疗。对大多数无高碳酸血症风险的急症患者给予辅助氧疗时,可将 SpO2 上限设为 96% 。
证据表明,在急性患病成人中,与更为保守的氧疗相比,自由氧疗(目标 SpO2 >96%)与更高的死亡率相关。[72]Chu DK, Kim LH, Young PJ, et al. Mortality and morbidity in acutely ill adults treated with liberal versus conservative oxygen therapy (IOTA): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018 Apr 28;391(10131):1693-705. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29726345?tool=bestpractice.com
如果患者有发生高碳酸血症型呼吸衰竭的风险,则适合采取较低的目标 SpO2 为 88%-92%。[71]O'Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Earis J, et al. BTS guideline for oxygen use in adults in healthcare and emergency settings. Thorax. 2017 Jun;72 (Suppl 1):ii1-90. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/document-library/guidelines/emergency-oxygen/bts-guideline-for-oxygen-use-in-adults-in-healthcare-and-emergency-settings http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28507176?tool=bestpractice.com
证据:急症成人的目标血氧饱和度
辅助供氧过量将增加死亡率。
对于无高碳酸血症风险的急症成人患者,来自大型系统评价和荟萃分析的证据支持采取保守/控制性氧疗,而非自由氧疗。
对于正在接受辅助供氧的突发不适成人,指南对目标氧饱和度的推荐存在差异。
2017 年英国胸科协会(British Thoracic Society, BTS)指南建议,对于无高碳酸血症风险的患者,SpO2 的目标范围应设为 94%-98%,而 2022 年澳大利亚和新西兰胸科学会的指南则建议该目标范围为 92%-96%。[71]O'Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Earis J, et al. BTS guideline for oxygen use in adults in healthcare and emergency settings. Thorax. 2017 Jun;72 (Suppl 1):ii1-90. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/document-library/guidelines/emergency-oxygen/bts-guideline-for-oxygen-use-in-adults-in-healthcare-and-emergency-settings http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28507176?tool=bestpractice.com [130]Barnett A, Beasley R, Buchan C, et al. Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand position statement on acute oxygen use in adults: 'Swimming between the flags'. Respirology. 2022 Apr;27(4):262-76. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9303673 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35178831?tool=bestpractice.com
2022 年全球哮喘防治创议(Global Initiative for Asthma, GINA)指南建议,急性哮喘发作时将 SpO2 目标范围设为 93%-96%。[131]Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention (2022 update). 2022 [internet publication]. https://ginasthma.org/gina-reports
2018 年发表的包含 25 项随机对照试验荟萃分析数据的系统评价发现,对于急症成人患者,接受自由氧疗(大致相当于目标血氧饱和度 >96%)比保守氧疗(大致相当于目标血氧饱和度 ≤96%)的死亡率更高。[72]Chu DK, Kim LH, Young PJ, et al. Mortality and morbidity in acutely ill adults treated with liberal versus conservative oxygen therapy (IOTA): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018 Apr 28;391(10131):1693-705. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29726345?tool=bestpractice.com 自由氧疗组比保守氧疗组的住院死亡率高 11/1000(95% CI 2/1000-22/1000)。自由氧疗组患者的 30 日死亡率也更高(RR 1.14,95% CI 1.01-1.29)。这些试验纳入了脓毒症、危重症、脑卒中、创伤、心肌梗死或心脏停搏的成人患者,以及接受急诊手术的患者。这项系统评价排除了受试者仅限于慢性呼吸系统疾病或精神疾病患者或接受体外生命支持、高压氧治疗或择期手术患者的研究。
因此,向无高碳酸血症风险的急症患者给予辅助供氧时,SpO2 上限为 96% 较为合理。但是,更高的目标值可能适合某些特定疾病(例如气胸、一氧化碳中毒,丛集性头痛以及镰状细胞危象)。[132]Siemieniuk RAC, Chu DK, Kim LH, et al. Oxygen therapy for acutely ill medical patients: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2018 Oct 24;363:k4169. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30355567?tool=bestpractice.com
2019 年,BTS 针对这一系统评价和荟萃分析,对其指南进行回顾审定,决定无需进行临时更新。[113]British Thoracic Society. BTS guideline for oxygen in healthcare and emergency settings. December 2019 update. December 2019 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/emergency-oxygen
学会指出,系统评价支持为控制性氧疗设定目标。
虽然系统评价显示,高氧饱和度与高死亡率具有相关性,但 BTS 委员会认为该评价并未明确最佳目标氧饱和度范围。该评价中建议的 94%-96% 范围基于较低的 95% 置信区间和自由给氧组的中位基线 SpO2,以及更早的 2015 年 TSANZ 指南建议。
随后,COVID-19 大流行期间的经验也使临床医生更清楚地认识到允许性低氧血症的可行性。[133]Voshaar T, Stais P, Köhler D, et al. Conservative management of COVID-19 associated hypoxaemia. ERJ Open Res. 2021 Jan;7(1):00026-2021. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7848791 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33738306?tool=bestpractice.com
重症监护患者氧疗管理属于专科领域,应获取更具体的进一步证据,指导该情境处理。[134]Barbateskovic M, Schjørring OL, Russo Krauss S, et al. Higher versus lower fraction of inspired oxygen or targets of arterial oxygenation for adults admitted to the intensive care unit. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Nov 27;2019(11):CD012631. https://www.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012631.pub2 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31773728?tool=bestpractice.com [135]ICU-ROX Investigators and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Clinical Trials Group, Mackle D, Bellomo R, et al. Conservative oxygen therapy during mechanical ventilation in the ICU. N Engl J Med. 2020 Mar 12;382(11):989-98. https://www.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1903297 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31613432?tool=bestpractice.com [136]Cumpstey AF, Oldman AH, Smith AF, et al. Oxygen targets in the intensive care unit during mechanical ventilation for acute respiratory distress syndrome: a rapid review. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Sep 1;9:CD013708. https://www.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013708 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32870512?tool=bestpractice.com
应对如下患者检测动脉血气:SpO2 <94% 者、存在高碳酸血症性呼吸衰竭(CO2 潴留)风险者,以及所有重度 CAP 患者。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
液体复苏
评估所有患者容量不足的情况,需要时予以静脉输液。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
标准重症监护病房(ICU)支持性治疗
安排将 CURB-65 评分为 4 和 5 以及需要收住 ICU 的患者转诊至 ICU,并由 ICU 专科医生和呼吸科医生共同进行管理。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
尽管经过了适当的给氧治疗,呼吸衰竭患者仍需给予紧急气道管理,并有行气管插管可能。
对于 CAP 导致呼吸衰竭的患者,请勿常规予以无创通气(non-invasive ventilation, NIV)或持续气道正压通气(continuous positive airways pressure, CPAP)支持。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
如有相关指征,应仅在危重症诊疗病房进行试验性无创支持,因为此类病房随时备有专业人员和设备,可快速转为有创通气。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
血管加压药
如果患者在液体复苏期间或之后出现低血压,则开始使用血管加压药,以使平均动脉压维持在 ≥65 mmHg。[137]Levy MM, Evans LE, Rhodes A. The Surviving Sepsis Campaign bundle: 2018 update. Crit Care Med. 2018 Jun;46(6):997-1000. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29767636?tool=bestpractice.com
静脉血栓栓塞(VTE)预防
对于所有存在行动不便的患者,考虑使用低分子肝素预防 VTE。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults 在英国的医疗实践中,一旦您在患者的电子病历中记录了 VTE 风险评估,这就提示应在适当情况下开具肝素。
营养支持
为需要长期住院的重度 CAP 患者安排营养支持(肠内、肠外或经鼻胃管喂养)。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
气道清理
请勿常规使用传统气道廓清技术对单纯性肺炎患者进行治疗。如有需要,应给这些患者提供排痰建议。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
如果患者排痰困难或患有肺部疾病,考虑气道廓清技术。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
镇痛
酌情(例如针对胸膜炎性疼痛)予以简单镇痛。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
第一选择
对乙酰氨基酚: 口服:500-1000 mg,口服,需要时每 4-6 小时一次,最大剂量为 4000 mg/d;静脉给药(体重<51 kg):15 mg/kg,静脉给药,需要时每 4-6 小时一次,每日最大剂量为 60 mg/kg;静脉给药(体重≥51 kg):1000 mg,静脉给药,需要时每 4-6 小时一次,最大剂量为 4000 mg/d(如果存在肝毒性的危险因素,则最大剂量为 3000 mg/d)
These drug options and doses relate to a patient with no comorbidities.
第一选择
对乙酰氨基酚: 口服:500-1000 mg,口服,需要时每 4-6 小时一次,最大剂量为 4000 mg/d;静脉给药(体重<51 kg):15 mg/kg,静脉给药,需要时每 4-6 小时一次,每日最大剂量为 60 mg/kg;静脉给药(体重≥51 kg):1000 mg,静脉给药,需要时每 4-6 小时一次,最大剂量为 4000 mg/d(如果存在肝毒性的危险因素,则最大剂量为 3000 mg/d)
Drug choice, dose and interactions may be affected by the patient's comorbidities. Check your local drug formulary.
Show drug information for a patient with no comorbidities
第一选择
对乙酰氨基酚
改用病原体靶向抗生素治疗
针对特定患者群中部分患者治疗的附加建议
咨询微生物学家以了解适当的病原体靶向抗生素治疗。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
一旦确定了具体病原体,应立即从经验性抗生素转变为病原体靶向抗生素(除非有适当理由担心双重病原体感染)。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
只有大约三分之一至四分之一的 CAP 住院患者确定了引起肺炎的微生物。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com 在此类患者中:
约 14% 为非典型病原体感染,其中:[21]Marchello C, Dale AP, Thai TN, et al. Prevalence of atypical pathogens in patients with cough and community-acquired pneumonia: a meta-analysis. Ann Fam Med. 2016 Nov;14(6):552-66. http://www.annfammed.org/content/14/6/552.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28376442?tool=bestpractice.com
7% 存在肺炎支原体
4% 存在肺炎衣原体
3% 存在嗜肺军团菌
基于血清转换,支原体、衣原体和 贝氏柯克斯体感染的患者往往在疾病晚期才能得到确诊,因而早期予以靶向性治疗的机会较低。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
获得药敏试验结果后,或在咨询微生物学家、特护医生或呼吸科医生后,考虑调整治疗药物。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
BTS 关于病原体靶向抗生素的建议[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
病原体 | 首选抗生素 | 替代性抗生素 |
---|---|---|
肺炎支原体 肺炎嗜衣原体 | 克拉霉素(口服或静脉使用) | 多西环素(口服)或氟喹诺酮类药物(口服或静脉使用) |
军团菌种 | 氟喹诺酮类药物(口服或静脉使用) | 克拉霉素(口服或静脉使用)或阿奇霉素(仅限批准将该药用于肺炎治疗的国家) |
肺炎链球菌 | 阿莫西林(口服)或苄青霉素(静脉使用) | 克拉霉素(口服)或头孢呋辛或头孢噻肟或头孢曲松(静脉使用) |
鹦鹉热衣原体 贝氏柯克斯体 | 多西环素(口服) | 克拉霉素(口服或静脉使用) |
B 型流感嗜血杆菌 | 不产 β-内酰胺酶:阿莫西林(口服或静脉使用) 产 β-内酰胺酶:阿莫西林克拉维酸(口服或静脉使用) | 头孢呋辛或头孢噻肟或头孢曲松(静脉使用)或氟喹诺酮类药物(口服或静脉使用) |
革兰阴性肠杆菌 | 头孢呋辛或头孢噻肟或头孢曲松(静脉使用) | 氟喹诺酮类药物(静脉使用)或亚胺培南/西司他丁(静脉使用)或美罗培南(静脉使用) |
铜绿假单胞菌 | 头孢他啶(静脉使用) 加 庆大霉素或妥布霉素(需监测剂量) | 环丙沙星(静脉使用)或哌拉西林/他唑巴坦(静脉使用) 加 庆大霉素或妥布霉素(需监测剂量) |
金黄色葡萄球菌:非 MRSA | 氟氯西林(静脉使用) 联用或不联用 利福平(口服或静脉使用) | |
金黄色葡萄球菌:MRSA | 万古霉素(静脉使用;需监测剂量)或利奈唑胺(静脉使用)或替考拉宁(静脉使用) 联用或不联用 利福平(口服或静脉使用) |
经验性口服或静脉使用抗生素治疗
对于中度 CAP 患者,考虑短期住院治疗或在医院的监管下进行门诊治疗。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
作出诊断后尽快予以抗生素治疗。应在医院就诊后 4 小时内进行。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults [117]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia (community-acquired): antimicrobial prescribing. Sep 2019 [internet publication]. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng138
给予经验性口服广谱抗生素。
大部分中度 CAP 患者可以采用二联口服抗生素治疗。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults 英国胸科协会指南建议使用阿莫西林加大环内酯类药物(例如克拉霉素)。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
对于对青霉素或大环内酯类药物过敏的患者,考虑口服多西环素。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults 其他选择包括口服左氧氟沙星或莫西沙星(在考虑与使用氟喹诺酮类药物相关的安全性问题之后)。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
如果禁忌使用口服抗生素(例如患者无法吞咽或胃肠道功能性或结构性原因导致其吸收不良),则静脉使用阿莫西林或苄青霉素,并加用克拉霉素。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
对于对青霉素过敏且禁忌使用口服抗生素的患者,给予第二代头孢菌素(例如头孢呋辛)或第三代头孢菌素(例如头孢噻肟或头孢曲松)加用克拉霉素,或者静脉使用左氧氟沙星作为单药疗法。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
如果患者对阿莫西林加克拉霉素联合用药方案无应答,考虑改用多西环素或能够有效覆盖肺炎链球菌的氟喹诺酮类药物(例如左氧氟沙星、莫西沙星)。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
更多信息:EMA 和 MHRA 氟喹诺酮类抗生素使用限制
在 2018 年 11 月,欧洲药品管理局(European Medicines Agency, EMA)已完成针对与全身性和吸入性氟喹诺酮类抗生素治疗相关重度、致残性和可能不可逆转的不良反应的审核评估。这些不良作用包括肌腱炎、肌腱断裂、关节痛、神经病变和其他肌肉骨骼或者神经系统反应。
在这次审核评估之后,EMA 现在推荐仅将氟喹诺酮类抗生素用于治疗重度、危及生命的细菌感染。此外,EMA 还建议不应将氟喹诺酮用于轻度至中度感染,除非无法使用针对特定感染的其他合适抗生素,并且不应将氟喹诺酮用于非重度、非细菌性或者自限性感染。年龄较大、存在肾脏受损或实体器官移植病史的患者,以及正在接受皮质类固醇治疗的患者,出现肌腱损伤的风险更高。应避免将氟喹诺酮类药物与皮质类固醇联用。[127]European Medicines Agency. Quinolone- and fluoroquinolone-containing medicinal products. Mar 2019 [internet publication]. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/referrals/quinolone-fluoroquinolone-containing-medicinal-products 英国药品和医疗产品监管署 (Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, MHRA)亦支持此类推荐。[128]Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Fluoroquinolone antibiotics: new restrictions and precautions for use due to very rare reports of disabling and potentially long-lasting or irreversible side effects. Mar 2019 [internet publication]. https://www.gov.uk/drug-safety-update/fluoroquinolone-antibiotics-new-restrictions-and-precautions-for-use-due-to-very-rare-reports-of-disabling-and-potentially-long-lasting-or-irreversible-side-effects
因此,对于中度 CAP 患者,应仅在其他常规推荐用于治疗 CAP 的抗生素不适用的情况下才考虑给予氟喹诺酮类药物(例如左氧氟沙星、莫西沙星)。咨询微生物学家,确定氟喹诺酮药物是否适用于您的患者。
对于在社区接受治疗但对用足疗程的阿莫西林无应答的患者,在入院之前,应考虑大环内酯类药物单药疗法。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
确定阿莫西林是否用足疗程有一定难度,需要作出临床判断。在入院后最初 24 小时内给予单药治疗之前,应咨询上级医生。 [1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
在入院后首次查房时评估患者是否需要静脉使用抗生素,随后每天进行评估。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
NICE 的成人抗微生物药物处方指南建议,在静脉注射抗生素后的 48 小时内进行检查,如果可能,考虑改用口服药物治疗。[117]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia (community-acquired): antimicrobial prescribing. Sep 2019 [internet publication]. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng138 最佳做法是每天检查静脉注射抗生素的情况;大多数静脉注射抗生素可在 24 小时内停用,并转为口服药物治疗。
只要无口服给药禁忌证(例如患者无法吞咽或胃肠道功能性或结构性原因导致吸收不良),一旦出现临床改善(参见实用提示),立即改用口服抗生素。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
Practical tip
临床改善指标
以下临床特征提示您应考虑将静脉给药改为口服抗生素治疗:[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
脉率 <100 次/分
呼吸急促消退
临床表现显示水合状态良好,可以口服补液
发热消退 >24 小时
低血压消退
无缺氧
白细胞计数改善
非菌血症性感染
无军团菌、葡萄球菌或革兰氏阴性肠杆菌感染的微生物学证据
无胃肠道吸收问题。
给予抗生素治疗,持续 5 天。[117]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia (community-acquired): antimicrobial prescribing. Sep 2019 [internet publication]. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng138 [125]Lee RA, Centor RM, Humphrey LL, et al. Appropriate use of short-course antibiotics in common infections: best practice advice from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2021 Apr 6 [Epub ahead of print]. https://www.doi.org/10.7326/M20-7355 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33819054?tool=bestpractice.com 英国国家卫生与临床优化研究所建议 5 天后停止治疗,除非微生物学结果提示需要更长疗程或患者临床情况不稳定。[117]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia (community-acquired): antimicrobial prescribing. Sep 2019 [internet publication]. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng138 具体应基于您的临床判断及以下标准:[117]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia (community-acquired): antimicrobial prescribing. Sep 2019 [internet publication]. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng138 [126]Uranga A, España PP, Bilbao A, et al. Duration of antibiotic treatment in community-acquired pneumonia: a multicenter randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2016 Sep 1;176(9):1257-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27455166?tool=bestpractice.com
过去 48 小时内有发热,或出现多个提示临床情况不稳定的体征:
收缩压 <90 mmHg
心率>100 次/分
呼吸频率 >24 次/分
动脉血氧饱和度 <90% 或在室内空气中 PaO2 <60 mmHg。
某些患者可能因个体情况需要更长疗程。在英国,如果考虑将中度 CAP 患者的抗生素治疗时间延长至 5 天以上,某些医院要求与微生物学团队进行会诊。请遵循当地规程。
有关抗生素治疗方案的选择,请查阅当地规程以获取指导。
支持性治疗
针对特定患者群中所有患者的治疗建议
提供支持性治疗,可能包括以下措施。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
氧气
如果血氧饱和度 <94%,予以氧疗并将血氧饱和度维持在目标范围内。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults 对于有高碳酸血症风险的患者,如果血氧饱和度 <88%,则给予吸氧。[71]O'Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Earis J, et al. BTS guideline for oxygen use in adults in healthcare and emergency settings. Thorax. 2017 Jun;72 (Suppl 1):ii1-90. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/document-library/guidelines/emergency-oxygen/bts-guideline-for-oxygen-use-in-adults-in-healthcare-and-emergency-settings http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28507176?tool=bestpractice.com
监测控制性氧疗。对大多数的急症患者进行辅助氧疗时,将 SpO2上限设为 96%是合理的做法。
证据表明,在急性患病成人中,与更为保守的氧疗相比,自由氧疗(目标 SpO2 >96%)与更高的死亡率相关。[72]Chu DK, Kim LH, Young PJ, et al. Mortality and morbidity in acutely ill adults treated with liberal versus conservative oxygen therapy (IOTA): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018 Apr 28;391(10131):1693-705. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29726345?tool=bestpractice.com
如果患者有发生高碳酸血症型呼吸衰竭的风险,则适合采取较低的目标 SpO2 为 88%-92%。[71]O'Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Earis J, et al. BTS guideline for oxygen use in adults in healthcare and emergency settings. Thorax. 2017 Jun;72 (Suppl 1):ii1-90. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/document-library/guidelines/emergency-oxygen/bts-guideline-for-oxygen-use-in-adults-in-healthcare-and-emergency-settings http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28507176?tool=bestpractice.com
证据:急症成人的目标血氧饱和度
辅助供氧过量将增加死亡率。
对于无高碳酸血症风险的急症成人患者,来自大型系统评价和荟萃分析的证据支持采取保守/控制性氧疗,而非自由氧疗。
对于正在接受辅助供氧的突发不适成人,指南对目标氧饱和度的推荐存在差异。
2017 年英国胸科协会(British Thoracic Society, BTS)指南建议,对于无高碳酸血症风险的患者,SpO2 的目标范围应设为 94%-98%,而 2022 年澳大利亚和新西兰胸科学会的指南则建议该目标范围为 92%-96%。[71]O'Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Earis J, et al. BTS guideline for oxygen use in adults in healthcare and emergency settings. Thorax. 2017 Jun;72 (Suppl 1):ii1-90. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/document-library/guidelines/emergency-oxygen/bts-guideline-for-oxygen-use-in-adults-in-healthcare-and-emergency-settings http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28507176?tool=bestpractice.com [130]Barnett A, Beasley R, Buchan C, et al. Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand position statement on acute oxygen use in adults: 'Swimming between the flags'. Respirology. 2022 Apr;27(4):262-76. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9303673 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35178831?tool=bestpractice.com
2022 年全球哮喘防治创议(Global Initiative for Asthma, GINA)指南建议,急性哮喘发作时将 SpO2 目标范围设为 93%-96%。[131]Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention (2022 update). 2022 [internet publication]. https://ginasthma.org/gina-reports
2018 年发表的包含 25 项随机对照试验荟萃分析数据的系统评价发现,对于急症成人患者,接受自由氧疗(大致相当于目标血氧饱和度 >96%)比保守氧疗(大致相当于目标血氧饱和度 ≤96%)的死亡率更高。[72]Chu DK, Kim LH, Young PJ, et al. Mortality and morbidity in acutely ill adults treated with liberal versus conservative oxygen therapy (IOTA): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018 Apr 28;391(10131):1693-705. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29726345?tool=bestpractice.com 自由氧疗组比保守氧疗组的住院死亡率高 11/1000(95% CI 2/1000-22/1000)。自由氧疗组患者的 30 日死亡率也更高(RR 1.14,95% CI 1.01-1.29)。这些试验纳入了脓毒症、危重症、脑卒中、创伤、心肌梗死或心脏停搏的成人患者,以及接受急诊手术的患者。这项系统评价排除了受试者仅限于慢性呼吸系统疾病或精神疾病患者或接受体外生命支持、高压氧治疗或择期手术患者的研究。
因此,向无高碳酸血症风险的急症患者给予辅助供氧时,SpO2 上限为 96% 较为合理。但是,更高的目标值可能适合某些特定疾病(例如气胸、一氧化碳中毒,丛集性头痛以及镰状细胞危象)。[132]Siemieniuk RAC, Chu DK, Kim LH, et al. Oxygen therapy for acutely ill medical patients: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2018 Oct 24;363:k4169. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30355567?tool=bestpractice.com
2019 年,BTS 针对这一系统评价和荟萃分析,对其指南进行回顾审定,决定无需进行临时更新。[113]British Thoracic Society. BTS guideline for oxygen in healthcare and emergency settings. December 2019 update. December 2019 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/emergency-oxygen
学会指出,系统评价支持为控制性氧疗设定目标。
虽然系统评价显示,高氧饱和度与高死亡率具有相关性,但 BTS 委员会认为该评价并未明确最佳目标氧饱和度范围。该评价中建议的 94%-96% 范围基于较低的 95% 置信区间和自由给氧组的中位基线 SpO2,以及更早的 2015 年 TSANZ 指南建议。
随后,COVID-19 大流行期间的经验也使临床医生更清楚地认识到允许性低氧血症的可行性。[133]Voshaar T, Stais P, Köhler D, et al. Conservative management of COVID-19 associated hypoxaemia. ERJ Open Res. 2021 Jan;7(1):00026-2021. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7848791 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33738306?tool=bestpractice.com
重症监护患者氧疗管理属于专科领域,应获取更具体的进一步证据,指导该情境处理。[134]Barbateskovic M, Schjørring OL, Russo Krauss S, et al. Higher versus lower fraction of inspired oxygen or targets of arterial oxygenation for adults admitted to the intensive care unit. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Nov 27;2019(11):CD012631. https://www.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012631.pub2 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31773728?tool=bestpractice.com [135]ICU-ROX Investigators and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Clinical Trials Group, Mackle D, Bellomo R, et al. Conservative oxygen therapy during mechanical ventilation in the ICU. N Engl J Med. 2020 Mar 12;382(11):989-98. https://www.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1903297 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31613432?tool=bestpractice.com [136]Cumpstey AF, Oldman AH, Smith AF, et al. Oxygen targets in the intensive care unit during mechanical ventilation for acute respiratory distress syndrome: a rapid review. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Sep 1;9:CD013708. https://www.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013708 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32870512?tool=bestpractice.com
应对如下患者检测动脉血气:SpO2 <94% 者、存在高碳酸血症性呼吸衰竭(CO2 潴留)风险者,以及所有重度 CAP 患者。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
液体复苏
评估所有患者容量不足的情况,需要时予以静脉输液。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
静脉血栓栓塞(VTE)预防
对于所有存在行动不便的患者,考虑使用低分子肝素预防 VTE。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
气道清理
请勿常规使用传统气道廓清技术对单纯性肺炎患者进行治疗。如有需要,应给这些患者提供排痰建议。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
如果患者排痰困难或患有肺部疾病,考虑气道廓清技术。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
镇痛
酌情(例如针对胸膜炎性疼痛)予以简单镇痛。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
第一选择
对乙酰氨基酚: 口服:500-1000 mg,口服,需要时每 4-6 小时一次,最大剂量为 4000 mg/d;静脉给药(体重<51 kg):15 mg/kg,静脉给药,需要时每 4-6 小时一次,每日最大剂量为 60 mg/kg;静脉给药(体重≥51 kg):1000 mg,静脉给药,需要时每 4-6 小时一次,最大剂量为 4000 mg/d(如果存在肝毒性的危险因素,则最大剂量为 3000 mg/d)
These drug options and doses relate to a patient with no comorbidities.
第一选择
对乙酰氨基酚: 口服:500-1000 mg,口服,需要时每 4-6 小时一次,最大剂量为 4000 mg/d;静脉给药(体重<51 kg):15 mg/kg,静脉给药,需要时每 4-6 小时一次,每日最大剂量为 60 mg/kg;静脉给药(体重≥51 kg):1000 mg,静脉给药,需要时每 4-6 小时一次,最大剂量为 4000 mg/d(如果存在肝毒性的危险因素,则最大剂量为 3000 mg/d)
Drug choice, dose and interactions may be affected by the patient's comorbidities. Check your local drug formulary.
Show drug information for a patient with no comorbidities
第一选择
对乙酰氨基酚
改用病原体靶向抗生素治疗
针对特定患者群中部分患者治疗的附加建议
咨询微生物学家以了解适当的病原体靶向抗生素治疗。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
一旦确定了具体病原体,应立即从经验性抗生素转变为病原体靶向抗生素(除非有适当理由担心双重病原体感染)。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
只有大约三分之一至四分之一的 CAP 住院患者确定了引起肺炎的微生物。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com 在此类患者中:
约 14% 为非典型病原体感染,其中:[21]Marchello C, Dale AP, Thai TN, et al. Prevalence of atypical pathogens in patients with cough and community-acquired pneumonia: a meta-analysis. Ann Fam Med. 2016 Nov;14(6):552-66. http://www.annfammed.org/content/14/6/552.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28376442?tool=bestpractice.com
7% 存在肺炎支原体
4% 存在肺炎衣原体
3% 存在嗜肺军团菌
基于血清转换,支原体、衣原体和 贝氏柯克斯体感染的患者往往在疾病晚期才能得到确诊,因而早期予以靶向性治疗的机会较低。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
获得药敏试验结果后,或在咨询微生物学家、特护医生或呼吸科医生后,考虑调整治疗药物。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
BTS 关于病原体靶向抗生素的建议[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
病原体 | 首选抗生素 | 替代性抗生素 |
---|---|---|
肺炎支原体 肺炎嗜衣原体 | 克拉霉素(口服或静脉使用) | 多西环素(口服)或氟喹诺酮类药物(口服或静脉使用) |
军团菌种 | 氟喹诺酮类药物(口服或静脉使用) | 克拉霉素(口服或静脉使用)或阿奇霉素(仅限批准将该药用于肺炎治疗的国家) |
肺炎链球菌 | 阿莫西林(口服)或苄青霉素(静脉使用) | 克拉霉素(口服)或头孢呋辛或头孢噻肟或头孢曲松(静脉使用) |
鹦鹉热衣原体 贝氏柯克斯体 | 多西环素(口服) | 克拉霉素(口服或静脉使用) |
B 型流感嗜血杆菌 | 不产 β-内酰胺酶:阿莫西林(口服或静脉使用) 产 β-内酰胺酶:阿莫西林克拉维酸(口服或静脉使用) | 头孢呋辛或头孢噻肟或头孢曲松(静脉使用)或氟喹诺酮类药物(口服或静脉使用) |
革兰阴性肠杆菌 | 头孢呋辛或头孢噻肟或头孢曲松(静脉使用) | 氟喹诺酮类药物(静脉使用)或亚胺培南/西司他丁(静脉使用)或美罗培南(静脉使用) |
铜绿假单胞菌 | 头孢他啶(静脉使用) 加 庆大霉素或妥布霉素(需监测剂量) | 环丙沙星(静脉使用)或哌拉西林/他唑巴坦(静脉使用) 加 庆大霉素或妥布霉素(需监测剂量) |
金黄色葡萄球菌:非 MRSA | 氟氯西林(静脉使用) 联用或不联用 利福平(口服或静脉使用) | |
金黄色葡萄球菌:MRSA | 万古霉素(静脉使用;需监测剂量)或利奈唑胺(静脉使用)或替考拉宁(静脉使用) 联用或不联用 利福平(口服或静脉使用) |
经验性口服或静脉使用抗生素治疗
大部分轻度 CAP 患者可以出院并在家接受治疗。但如果存在以下情况,考虑让患者入院:[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [63]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia in adults: diagnosis and management. July 2022 [internet publication]. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg191 [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
不能安全可靠地口服药物
其社会环境不允许其在家治疗
伴有不稳定的合并症。
更希望在医院接受治疗。
尽快给予抗生素治疗。应在医院就诊后 4 小时内进行。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [63]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia in adults: diagnosis and management. July 2022 [internet publication]. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg191 [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
大部分在医院接受治疗的轻度 CAP 患者可以通过口服抗生素进行治疗。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
首选药物是阿莫西林。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults 如果患者对青霉素过敏,则考虑使用大环内酯类药物(例如克拉霉素)或四环素类药物(例如多西环素)[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
如果患者对阿莫西林单药疗法无应答,考虑加用或改用大环内酯类药物(例如克拉霉素)。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
如有口服用药禁忌证(例如吞咽反射受损、意识障碍、胃肠道吸收不良),考虑静脉使用阿莫西林、苄青霉素或克拉霉素。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
在入院后查房时首先评估患者是否需要静脉使用抗生素,随后每天进行评估。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
NICE 的成人抗微生物药物处方指南建议,在静脉注射抗生素后的 48 小时内进行检查,如果可能,考虑改用口服药物治疗。[117]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia (community-acquired): antimicrobial prescribing. Sep 2019 [internet publication]. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng138 最佳做法是每天检查静脉注射抗生素的情况;大多数静脉注射抗生素可在 24 小时内停用,并转为口服药物治疗。
只要无口服给药禁忌证,一旦出现临床改善(参见实用提示),立即改用口服抗生素。
Practical tip
临床改善指标
以下临床特征提示您应考虑将静脉给药改为口服抗生素治疗:[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
脉率 <100 次/分
呼吸急促消退
临床表现显示水合状态良好,可以口服补液
发热消退 >24 小时
低血压消退
无缺氧
白细胞计数改善
非菌血症性感染
无军团菌、葡萄球菌或革兰氏阴性肠杆菌感染的微生物学证据
无胃肠道吸收问题。
给予抗生素治疗,持续 5 天。[117]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia (community-acquired): antimicrobial prescribing. Sep 2019 [internet publication]. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng138 [125]Lee RA, Centor RM, Humphrey LL, et al. Appropriate use of short-course antibiotics in common infections: best practice advice from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2021 Apr 6 [Epub ahead of print]. https://www.doi.org/10.7326/M20-7355 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33819054?tool=bestpractice.com 英国国家卫生与临床优化研究所建议 5 天后停止治疗,除非微生物学结果提示需要更长疗程或患者临床情况不稳定。[117]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia (community-acquired): antimicrobial prescribing. Sep 2019 [internet publication]. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng138 具体应基于您的临床判断及以下标准:[117]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia (community-acquired): antimicrobial prescribing. Sep 2019 [internet publication]. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng138 [126]Uranga A, España PP, Bilbao A, et al. Duration of antibiotic treatment in community-acquired pneumonia: a multicenter randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2016 Sep 1;176(9):1257-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27455166?tool=bestpractice.com
过去 48 小时内有发热,或出现多个提示临床情况不稳定的体征:
收缩压 <90 mmHg
心率>100 次/分
呼吸频率 >24 次/分
动脉血氧饱和度 <90% 或在室内空气中 PaO2 <60 mmHg。
有关抗生素治疗方案的选择,请查阅当地常规以获取指导。
支持性治疗
针对特定患者群中所有患者的治疗建议
提供支持性治疗,可能包括以下措施。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
氧气
如果血氧饱和度 <94%,予以氧疗并将血氧饱和度维持在目标范围内。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults 对于存在高碳酸血症风险的患者,如果血氧饱和度<88%,应给予氧疗。[71]O'Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Earis J, et al. BTS guideline for oxygen use in adults in healthcare and emergency settings. Thorax. 2017 Jun;72 (Suppl 1):ii1-90. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/document-library/guidelines/emergency-oxygen/bts-guideline-for-oxygen-use-in-adults-in-healthcare-and-emergency-settings http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28507176?tool=bestpractice.com
监测控制性氧疗。对大多数的急症患者进行辅助氧疗时,将 SpO2上限设为 96%是合理的做法。
证据表明,在急性患病成人中,与更为保守的氧疗相比,自由氧疗(目标 SpO2 >96%)与更高的死亡率相关。[72]Chu DK, Kim LH, Young PJ, et al. Mortality and morbidity in acutely ill adults treated with liberal versus conservative oxygen therapy (IOTA): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018 Apr 28;391(10131):1693-705. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29726345?tool=bestpractice.com
如果患者有发生高碳酸血症型呼吸衰竭的风险,则适合采取较低的目标 SpO2 为 88%-92%。[71]O'Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Earis J, et al. BTS guideline for oxygen use in adults in healthcare and emergency settings. Thorax. 2017 Jun;72 (Suppl 1):ii1-90. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/document-library/guidelines/emergency-oxygen/bts-guideline-for-oxygen-use-in-adults-in-healthcare-and-emergency-settings http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28507176?tool=bestpractice.com
证据:急症成人的目标血氧饱和度
辅助供氧过量将增加死亡率。
对于无高碳酸血症风险的急症成人患者,来自大型系统评价和荟萃分析的证据支持采取保守/控制性氧疗,而非自由氧疗。
对于正在接受辅助供氧的突发不适成人,指南对目标氧饱和度的推荐存在差异。
2017 年英国胸科协会(British Thoracic Society, BTS)指南建议,对于无高碳酸血症风险的患者,SpO2 的目标范围应设为 94%-98%,而 2022 年澳大利亚和新西兰胸科学会的指南则建议该目标范围为 92%-96%。[71]O'Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Earis J, et al. BTS guideline for oxygen use in adults in healthcare and emergency settings. Thorax. 2017 Jun;72 (Suppl 1):ii1-90. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/document-library/guidelines/emergency-oxygen/bts-guideline-for-oxygen-use-in-adults-in-healthcare-and-emergency-settings http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28507176?tool=bestpractice.com [130]Barnett A, Beasley R, Buchan C, et al. Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand position statement on acute oxygen use in adults: 'Swimming between the flags'. Respirology. 2022 Apr;27(4):262-76. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9303673 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35178831?tool=bestpractice.com
2022 年全球哮喘防治创议(Global Initiative for Asthma, GINA)指南建议,急性哮喘发作时将 SpO2 目标范围设为 93%-96%。[131]Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention (2022 update). 2022 [internet publication]. https://ginasthma.org/gina-reports
2018 年发表的包含 25 项随机对照试验荟萃分析数据的系统评价发现,对于急症成人患者,接受自由氧疗(大致相当于目标血氧饱和度 >96%)比保守氧疗(大致相当于目标血氧饱和度 ≤96%)的死亡率更高。[72]Chu DK, Kim LH, Young PJ, et al. Mortality and morbidity in acutely ill adults treated with liberal versus conservative oxygen therapy (IOTA): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018 Apr 28;391(10131):1693-705. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29726345?tool=bestpractice.com 自由氧疗组比保守氧疗组的住院死亡率高 11/1000(95% CI 2/1000-22/1000)。自由氧疗组患者的 30 日死亡率也更高(RR 1.14,95% CI 1.01-1.29)。这些试验纳入了脓毒症、危重症、脑卒中、创伤、心肌梗死或心脏停搏的成人患者,以及接受急诊手术的患者。这项系统评价排除了受试者仅限于慢性呼吸系统疾病或精神疾病患者或接受体外生命支持、高压氧治疗或择期手术患者的研究。
因此,向无高碳酸血症风险的急症患者给予辅助供氧时,SpO2 上限为 96% 较为合理。但是,更高的目标值可能适合某些特定疾病(例如气胸、一氧化碳中毒,丛集性头痛以及镰状细胞危象)。[132]Siemieniuk RAC, Chu DK, Kim LH, et al. Oxygen therapy for acutely ill medical patients: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2018 Oct 24;363:k4169. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30355567?tool=bestpractice.com
2019 年,BTS 针对这一系统评价和荟萃分析,对其指南进行回顾审定,决定无需进行临时更新。[113]British Thoracic Society. BTS guideline for oxygen in healthcare and emergency settings. December 2019 update. December 2019 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/emergency-oxygen
学会指出,系统评价支持为控制性氧疗设定目标。
虽然系统评价显示,高氧饱和度与高死亡率具有相关性,但 BTS 委员会认为该评价并未明确最佳目标氧饱和度范围。该评价中建议的 94%-96% 范围基于较低的 95% 置信区间和自由给氧组的中位基线 SpO2,以及更早的 2015 年 TSANZ 指南建议。
随后,COVID-19 大流行期间的经验也使临床医生更清楚地认识到允许性低氧血症的可行性。[133]Voshaar T, Stais P, Köhler D, et al. Conservative management of COVID-19 associated hypoxaemia. ERJ Open Res. 2021 Jan;7(1):00026-2021. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7848791 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33738306?tool=bestpractice.com
重症监护患者氧疗管理属于专科领域,应获取更具体的进一步证据,指导该情境处理。[134]Barbateskovic M, Schjørring OL, Russo Krauss S, et al. Higher versus lower fraction of inspired oxygen or targets of arterial oxygenation for adults admitted to the intensive care unit. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Nov 27;2019(11):CD012631. https://www.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012631.pub2 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31773728?tool=bestpractice.com [135]ICU-ROX Investigators and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Clinical Trials Group, Mackle D, Bellomo R, et al. Conservative oxygen therapy during mechanical ventilation in the ICU. N Engl J Med. 2020 Mar 12;382(11):989-98. https://www.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1903297 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31613432?tool=bestpractice.com [136]Cumpstey AF, Oldman AH, Smith AF, et al. Oxygen targets in the intensive care unit during mechanical ventilation for acute respiratory distress syndrome: a rapid review. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Sep 1;9:CD013708. https://www.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013708 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32870512?tool=bestpractice.com
应对如下患者检测动脉血气:SpO2 <94% 者、存在高碳酸血症性呼吸衰竭(CO2 潴留)风险者,以及所有重度 CAP 患者。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
液体复苏
评估所有患者容量不足的情况,需要时予以静脉输液。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
静脉血栓栓塞(VTE)预防
对于所有存在行动不便的患者,考虑使用低分子肝素预防 VTE。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
气道清理
请勿常规使用传统气道廓清技术对单纯性肺炎患者进行治疗。如有需要,应给这些患者提供排痰建议。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
如果患者排痰困难或患有肺部疾病,考虑气道廓清技术。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
镇痛
酌情(例如针对胸膜炎性疼痛)予以简单镇痛。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
第一选择
对乙酰氨基酚: 口服:500-1000 mg,口服,需要时每 4-6 小时一次,最大剂量为 4000 mg/d;静脉给药(体重<51 kg):15 mg/kg,静脉给药,需要时每 4-6 小时一次,每日最大剂量为 60 mg/kg;静脉给药(体重≥51 kg):1000 mg,静脉给药,需要时每 4-6 小时一次,最大剂量为 4000 mg/d(如果存在肝毒性的危险因素,则最大剂量为 3000 mg/d)
These drug options and doses relate to a patient with no comorbidities.
第一选择
对乙酰氨基酚: 口服:500-1000 mg,口服,需要时每 4-6 小时一次,最大剂量为 4000 mg/d;静脉给药(体重<51 kg):15 mg/kg,静脉给药,需要时每 4-6 小时一次,每日最大剂量为 60 mg/kg;静脉给药(体重≥51 kg):1000 mg,静脉给药,需要时每 4-6 小时一次,最大剂量为 4000 mg/d(如果存在肝毒性的危险因素,则最大剂量为 3000 mg/d)
Drug choice, dose and interactions may be affected by the patient's comorbidities. Check your local drug formulary.
Show drug information for a patient with no comorbidities
第一选择
对乙酰氨基酚
改用病原体靶向抗生素治疗
针对特定患者群中部分患者治疗的附加建议
咨询微生物学家以了解适当的病原体靶向抗生素治疗。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
一旦确定了具体病原体,应立即从经验性抗生素转变为病原体靶向抗生素(除非有适当理由担心双重病原体感染)。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
只有大约三分之一至四分之一的 CAP 住院患者确定了引起肺炎的微生物。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com 在此类患者中:
约 14% 为非典型病原体感染,其中:[21]Marchello C, Dale AP, Thai TN, et al. Prevalence of atypical pathogens in patients with cough and community-acquired pneumonia: a meta-analysis. Ann Fam Med. 2016 Nov;14(6):552-66. http://www.annfammed.org/content/14/6/552.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28376442?tool=bestpractice.com
7% 存在肺炎支原体
4% 存在肺炎衣原体
3% 存在嗜肺军团菌
基于血清转换,支原体、衣原体和 贝氏柯克斯体感染的患者往往在疾病晚期才能得到确诊,因而早期予以靶向性治疗的机会较低。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
获得药敏试验结果后,或在咨询微生物学家、特护医生或呼吸科医生后,考虑调整治疗药物。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com
BTS 关于病原体靶向抗生素的建议[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
病原体 | 首选抗生素 | 替代性抗生素 |
---|---|---|
肺炎支原体 肺炎嗜衣原体 | 克拉霉素(口服或静脉使用) | 多西环素(口服)或氟喹诺酮类药物(口服或静脉使用) |
军团菌种 | 氟喹诺酮类药物(口服或静脉使用) | 克拉霉素(口服或静脉使用)或阿奇霉素(仅限批准将该药用于肺炎治疗的国家) |
肺炎链球菌 | 阿莫西林(口服)或苄青霉素(静脉使用) | 克拉霉素(口服)或头孢呋辛或头孢噻肟或头孢曲松(静脉使用) |
鹦鹉热衣原体 贝氏柯克斯体 | 多西环素(口服) | 克拉霉素(口服或静脉使用) |
B 型流感嗜血杆菌 | 不产 β-内酰胺酶:阿莫西林(口服或静脉使用) 产 β-内酰胺酶:阿莫西林克拉维酸(口服或静脉使用) | 头孢呋辛或头孢噻肟或头孢曲松(静脉使用)或氟喹诺酮类药物(口服或静脉使用) |
革兰阴性肠杆菌 | 头孢呋辛或头孢噻肟或头孢曲松(静脉使用) | 氟喹诺酮类药物(静脉使用)或亚胺培南/西司他丁(静脉使用)或美罗培南(静脉使用) |
铜绿假单胞菌 | 头孢他啶(静脉使用) 加 庆大霉素或妥布霉素(需监测剂量) | 环丙沙星(静脉使用)或哌拉西林/他唑巴坦(静脉使用) 加 庆大霉素或妥布霉素(需监测剂量) |
金黄色葡萄球菌:非 MRSA | 氟氯西林(静脉使用) 联用或不联用 利福平(口服或静脉使用) | |
金黄色葡萄球菌:MRSA | 万古霉素(静脉使用;需监测剂量)或利奈唑胺(静脉使用)或替考拉宁(静脉使用) 联用或不联用 利福平(口服或静脉使用) |
通过胸部 X 线检查确诊 CAP:社区就诊患者
继续使用经验性抗生素或改用病原体靶向抗生素治疗
对于在社区通过胸部 X 线检查确诊 CAP 的患者,继续予以经验性抗生素治疗。但是,如果确定了病原体,应遵循当地抗生素规程针对所确定的微生物进行治疗。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
BTS 关于病原体靶向抗生素的建议[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
病原体 | 首选抗生素 | 替代性抗生素 |
---|---|---|
肺炎支原体 肺炎嗜衣原体 | 克拉霉素(口服或静脉使用) | 多西环素(口服)或氟喹诺酮类药物(口服或静脉使用) |
军团菌种 | 氟喹诺酮类药物(口服或静脉使用) | 克拉霉素(口服或静脉使用)或阿奇霉素(仅限批准将该药用于肺炎治疗的国家) |
肺炎链球菌 | 阿莫西林(口服)或苄青霉素(静脉使用) | 克拉霉素(口服)或头孢呋辛或头孢噻肟或头孢曲松(静脉使用) |
鹦鹉热衣原体 贝氏柯克斯体 | 多西环素(口服) | 克拉霉素(口服或静脉使用) |
B 型流感嗜血杆菌 | 不产 β-内酰胺酶:阿莫西林(口服或静脉使用) 产 β-内酰胺酶:阿莫西林克拉维酸(口服或静脉使用) | 头孢呋辛或头孢噻肟或头孢曲松(静脉使用)或氟喹诺酮类药物(口服或静脉使用) |
革兰阴性肠杆菌 | 头孢呋辛或头孢噻肟或头孢曲松(静脉使用) | 氟喹诺酮类药物(静脉使用)或亚胺培南/西司他丁(静脉使用)或美罗培南(静脉使用) |
铜绿假单胞菌 | 头孢他啶(静脉使用) 加 庆大霉素或妥布霉素(需监测剂量) | 环丙沙星(静脉使用)或哌拉西林/他唑巴坦(静脉使用) 加 庆大霉素或妥布霉素(需监测剂量) |
金黄色葡萄球菌:非 MRSA | 氟氯西林(静脉使用) 联用或不联用 利福平(口服或静脉使用) | |
金黄色葡萄球菌:MRSA | 万古霉素(静脉使用;需监测剂量)或利奈唑胺(静脉使用)或替考拉宁(静脉使用) 联用或不联用 利福平(口服或静脉使用) |
在社区环境中,根据下呼吸道感染体征和症状、局灶性胸部体征以及疾病严重程度进行 CAP 诊断,并根据疑似诊断进行治疗。[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [63]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia in adults: diagnosis and management. July 2022 [internet publication]. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg191 [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults 但如果出现以下情况,应在社区环境进行胸部 X 线检查:[1]Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al; Pneumonia Guidelines Committee of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64(suppl 3):iii1-55. https://thorax.bmj.com/content/64/Suppl_3/iii1.long http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19783532?tool=bestpractice.com [63]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Pneumonia in adults: diagnosis and management. July 2022 [internet publication]. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg191 [65]British Thoracic Society. 2015 - Annotated BTS guideline for the management of CAP in adults (2009) summary of recommendations. Jan 2015 [internet publication]. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/pneumonia-adults
对诊断存有怀疑
认为患者有潜在肺部疾病风险 (例如患者有肺癌的危险因素)
复查时发现治疗后病情好转程度不能令人满意。
请选择一个患者组,查看我们的建议
请注意药品名称和品牌、药物处方集或地区之间的配方/用药途径和剂量可能有所不同。治疗建议针对患者群体提出。查看免责声明
内容使用需遵循免责声明