小结
鉴别诊断
常见
- 咽炎
- 食管念珠菌病
- 卒中
- 肌肉紧张性吞咽困难
- 弥漫性食管痉挛
- 胃食管反流
- 食管裂孔疝
- 颈椎手术后
不常见
- 会厌炎
- 咽后壁脓肿
- 口咽癌（鳞状细胞癌）和转移
- 食管憩室
- 环咽切迹
- 甲状腺肿大（甲状腺肿）
- 颈部淋巴结肿大
- 口咽部狭窄
- 帕金森病
- 声带麻痹
- 多发性硬化
- 重症肌无力
- 干燥综合征
- 硬皮病
- 炎症性肌病
- 肌萎缩侧索硬化 (ALS)
- 进行性核上性麻痹
- Wilson 病（肝豆状核变性）
- 迟发性运动障碍
- 特发性贲门失弛缓症
- 胡桃夹食管
- 腐蚀性药物
- 药物诱发的损伤
- 放射暴露
- 食管癌
- 鼻异物
- 良性食管肿瘤 (平滑肌瘤、脂肪瘤、息肉)
- 食管转移性肿瘤
- 食管压迫
- Schatzki 环
- 胃食管肌环
- 食道憩室
- 嗜酸性粒细胞性食管炎
- 食管蹼
- 肉毒中毒
- 口腔黏膜炎
- 颈椎增生
撰稿人
作者
Steven J. Charous, MD, FACS
Clinical Professor of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery
Loyola University Medical Center
Maywood
IL
利益声明
SJC declares that he has no competing interests.
鸣谢
Dr Steven J. Charous would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Michael F. Vaezi and Dr Farnoosh Farrokhi, the previous contributors to this topic.
利益声明
MFV and FF are authors of references cited in this topic.
同行评议者
Daniel Leffler, MD, MS
Instructor in Medicine
Harvard Medical School
Director of Clinical Research
The Celiac Center
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
Boston
MA
利益声明
DL declares that he has no competing interests.
Rahul K. Shah, MD, FAAP
Associate Professor of Otolaryngology and Pediatrics
Division of Otolaryngology
Children's National Medical Center
Assistant Professor
Otolaryngology and Pediatrics
George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences
Washington
DC
利益声明
RKS declares that he has no competing interests.
Janet Wilson, BSc, MD, FRCSEd, FRCSEng
Professor of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery
Newcastle University
Honorary Consultant Otolaryngologist
Freeman Hospital
Newcastle-Upon-Tyne
UK
利益声明
JW declares that she has no competing interests.
指南
- 疑似神经系统疾病：识别和转诊
- ACG 胃食管反流病诊断和管理临床指南
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