最后审阅： 13 四月 2021
最后更新： 01 二月 2019
小结
定义
病史和体格检查
诊断性检查
治疗流程
撰稿人
作者
Professor of Surgery
Division of Urology
University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine
Knoxville
TN
利益声明
EDK declares that he has no competing interests.
Dr Edward D. Kim would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Andrew C. Kramer, Dr Daniel H. Williams, and Dr James K. Kuan, previous contributors to this topic.
利益声明
ACK, DHW, and JKK declare that they have no competing interests.
同行评议者
Urological Surgeon
Imperial Healthcare NHS Trust
London
UK
利益声明
JV declares that he has no competing interests.
Professor of Urology
Cellular and Molecular Medicine
The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute
The Johns Hopkins Hospital
Baltimore
MD
利益声明
ALB declares that he has no competing interests.
内容使用需遵循免责声明