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脊柱裂和神经管缺陷

最后审阅: 23 Jun 2024
最后更新: 13 Oct 2023

小结

定义

病史和体格检查

关键诊断因素

  • 母源性后代脊柱裂危险因素
  • 产前评估期间三联或四联筛查结果升高既往史
  • 产前超声检查异常史
  • 开放性脊柱裂病变:脊髓脊膜膨出、脊髓裂、脊膜膨出
  • 闭合型脊柱裂病变:非对称性胶质褶皱或凹陷、血管瘤、毛发斑片或其他皮肤特征性表现
  • 囟门凸出
  • 头颅快速生长
  • 排尿异常
  • 胎粪或粪便溢出
  • 中线结构先天畸形:唇裂或腭裂、心脏杂音
  • 颈项反张
完整详情

其他诊断因素

  • 肛门收缩或直肠张力缺失
  • 眼球下视分离(落日征)
  • 眼球上斜视及外斜视
  • 异常哭闹
  • 呼吸异常:呼吸暂停、喘鸣样吸气、打鼾
  • 面部不对称
  • 自发性上下肢活动不对称
  • 更换尿布及衣物时配合困难
  • 上下肢肌张力及肌容积异常
  • 感觉减退
  • 髋不全脱位或全脱位
  • 内翻足(马蹄内翻足)
  • 垂直距骨畸形
  • 髋关节及膝关节屈曲挛缩
  • 喂食困难
  • 先天性脊柱侧凸
  • 先天性脊柱后凸
完整详情

危险因素

  • 母体叶酸摄入不足
  • 既往妊娠发生脊柱裂或其他神经管缺陷
  • 母亲有脊柱裂或其他神经管缺陷病史
  • 西班牙裔或种族
  • 18号染色体三倍体或13号染色体3倍体
  • 产前应用丙戊酸钠、卡马西平、异维甲酸或甲氨蝶呤
  • 母亲摄入维生素B12不足
  • 产妇肥胖
  • 母体糖尿病
  • 女性婴儿
  • 22q缺失综合征
  • 低等社会经济状况
  • 孕期开始3个月内母亲体核温度升高
完整详情

诊断性检查

首要检查

  • 产前三联/四联检查
  • 产前超声
  • 胚胎磁共振成像
  • 头颅超声
  • 脊柱超声
  • 头颅 CT
  • 尿液培养
  • 血清尿素和肌酐
  • 肾脏超声
  • 尿流动力学检查
  • 排尿性膀胱尿道造影 (VCUG)
完整详情

需考虑的检查

  • 出生前羊膜穿刺或出生后染色体检查
  • 荧光原位杂交(FISH)检查
  • 脑部和脊柱 MRI
  • 髋关节超声
  • 髋关节 X 线
  • 胎儿超声心动图
  • 多导睡眠图
完整详情

治疗流程

初步治疗

产前诊断

急症处理

新生儿或婴儿

持续性治疗

成人

撰稿人

作者

Nienke P. Dosa, MD, MPH

Professional Advisory Council, Spina Bifida Association of America

Upstate Foundation Professor of Child Health Policy

Medical Director, Spina Bifida Center of Central New York

SUNY Upstate Medical University

Syracuse

NY

利益声明

NPD is a member of the Professional Advisory Board of the Spina Bifida Association of America; a member of the Planning Committee for the Spina Bifida World Congress, March 2023; and a panelist for the Global Health Symposium at the Spina Bifida World Congress, March 2023. NPD is an author of several references cited in this topic.

Zulma Tovar-Spinoza, MD

Assistant Professor of Neurosurgery

Director of Pediatric Neurosurgery

Department of Neurosurgery

Golisano Children's Hospital

SUNY Upstate Medical University

Syracuse

NY

利益声明

ZTS is a consultant for Monteris Medical.

Matthew D. Mason, MD

Assistant Professor of Pediatric Urology

Department of Urology

Assistant Dean for Clinical Sciences

SUNY Upstate Medical University

Syracuse

NY

利益声明

MDM declares that he has no competing interests.

鸣谢

Dr Nienke P. Dosa, Dr Zulma Tovar-Spinoza, and Dr Matthew D. Mason would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Jonathan V. Riddell and Dr Danielle A. Katz, previous contributors to this topic.

利益声明

JVR and DAK declare that they have no competing interests.

同行评议者

Leslie N. Sutton, MD

Chief of Division of Neurosurgery

Director of Neurosurgery Fellowship Program

The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia

Philadelphia

PA

利益声明

LNS is an author of several references cited in this topic.

Dominic Thompson, MBBS, BSc, FRCS(SN)

Consultant Pediatric Neurosurgeon

Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children

London

UK

利益声明

DT declares that he has no competing interests.

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