小结
定义
病史和体格检查
诊断性检查
治疗流程
撰稿人
作者
Anne E. O'Donnell, MD
Professor of Medicine
Chief, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine
The Nehemiah and Naomi Cohen Chair in Pulmonary Disease Research
Georgetown University Medical Center
Washington
DC
利益声明
AEOD has received scientific consulting fees from the following companies: Bayer, Xellia, Horizon, Grifols, Insmed, and Electromed. AEOD is the Principal Investigator for trials sponsored by the following companies (research funding provided directly to Georgetown University): Bayer, Insmed, Aradigm, Parion, Zambon. AEOD has been a faculty member at the annual meetings of CHEST (American College of Chest Physicians), American Thoracic Society, and European Respiratory Society. AEOD is the author of a reference cited in this topic.
鸣谢
Dr Anne E. O'Donnell would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Pamela J. McShane and Dr Sangeeta M. Bhorade, previous contributors to this topic.
利益声明
PJM and SMB declare that they have no competing interests.
同行评议者
Philip W. Ind, BA (Cantab), MB BChir, MA (Cantab), FRCP
Consultant Physician
Honorary Senior Lecturer
Imperial College Healthcare Trust
Hammersmith Hospital
London
UK
利益声明
PWI declares that he has no competing interests.
Ware Kuschner, MD
Associate Professor of Medicine
Stanford University
Stanford
Staff Physician
US Department of Veterans Affairs
Palo Alto Health Care System
Palo Alto
CA
利益声明
WK declares that he has no competing interests.
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