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Anemia hemolítica

Last reviewed: 1 Aug 2025
Last updated: 19 Dec 2024

Summary

Definition

History and exam

Key diagnostic factors

  • presença de fatores de risco
  • palidez
  • icterícia
Full details

Other diagnostic factors

  • fadiga
  • dispneia
  • tontura
  • esplenomegalia
  • infecções ativas
  • urina escura episódica (hemoglobinúria)
  • desencadeada por exposição ao frio
Full details

Risk factors

  • doenças autoimunes
  • distúrbios linfoproliferativos
  • valva cardíaca protética
  • origem familiar no Mediterrâneo, no Oriente Médio, na África ou no Sudeste Asiático
  • história familiar de hemoglobinopatia ou de defeitos na membrana dos eritrócitos
  • hemoglobinúria paroxística noturna
  • exposição recente a cefalosporinas, penicilinas, derivados de quinina ou anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais
  • exposição recente a naftaleno ou a favas
  • lesão térmica
  • esforço excepcional
  • exposição recente a nitritos, dapsona, ribavirina ou fenazopiridina
  • ingestão recente de paraquat
  • malária
  • babesiose
  • bartonelose
  • leishmaniose
  • Infecção por Clostridium perfringens
  • Infecção por Haemophilus influenzae tipo B
  • doença hepática
Full details

Diagnostic tests

1st tests to order

  • Hemograma completo
  • CHCM
  • contagem de reticulócitos
  • esfregaço de sangue periférico
  • bilirrubina (indireta) não conjugada
  • lactato desidrogenase (LDH)
  • haptoglobina
  • urinálise
Full details

Tests to consider

  • teste de antiglobulina direto (Coombs)
  • creatinina, ureia
  • TFHs
  • anticorpo Donath-Landsteiner
  • eletroforese de Hb
  • citometria de fluxo para CD55/CD59
  • teste do ponto fluorescente com lâmpadas ultravioletas e espectrofotometria de glicose-6-fosfato desidrogenase (G6PD)
  • fator antinuclear (FAN)
Full details

Treatment algorithm

ACUTE

adquirido: teste de antiglobulina direto ("Coombs") positivo

adquirida: teste de antiglobulina direto (Coombs) negativo

doenças hereditárias

Contributors

Authors

John Densmore, MD, PhD

Associate Professor of Clinical Medicine

Department of Medicine

University of Virginia

Charlottesville

VA

Disclosures

JD declares that he has no competing interests.

Acknowledgements

Dr John Densmore would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Michelle Loch, a previous contributor to this monograph. ML declares that she has no competing interests.

Peer reviewers

Pasquale Niscola, MD

Hematology Unit

Sant'Eugenio Hospital

Rome

Italy

Disclosures

PN declares that he has no competing interests.

Alan Lichtin, MD

Staff Hematologist-Oncologist

Hematologic Oncology and Blood Disorders

Cleveland Clinic

Associate Professor

Internal Medicine

Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine

Cleveland

OH

Disclosures

AL declares that he has no competing interests.

References

Our in-house evidence and editorial teams collaborate with international expert contributors and peer reviewers to ensure that we provide access to the most clinically relevant information possible.

Key articles

Go RS, Winters JL, Kay NE. How I treat autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Blood. 2017 Jun 1;129(22):2971-9 Abstract

Hill QA, Stamps R, Massey E, et al. The diagnosis and management of primary autoimmune haemolytic anaemia. Br J Haematol. 2017 Feb;176(3):395-411.Full text  Abstract

Hill QA, Stamps R, Massey E, et al. Guidelines on the management of drug-induced immune and secondary autoimmune, haemolytic anaemia. Br J Haematol. 2017 Apr;177(2):208-20.Full text  Abstract

Reference articles

A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.
  • Anemia hemolítica images
  • Differentials

    • Anemia por sangramento
    • Anemia por subprodução
    • Reação transfusional
    More Differentials
  • Guidelines

    • Guidelines for the monitoring and management of iron overload in patients with haemoglobinopathies and rare anaemias
    • Diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune hemolytic anemia in adults
    More Guidelines
  • Videos

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    Canulação venosa periférica – Vídeo de demonstração

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