Summary
Definition
History and exam
Key diagnostic factors
- presença de fatores de risco
- cianose
- sinais de insuficiência cardíaca
- sopro cardíaco
- características faciais específicas
- fenda labial e fenda palatina
- deficit no crescimento
- convulsão ou tetania
Other diagnostic factors
- apresentação na primeira infância
- dificuldade para se alimentar
- atraso na fala
- distúrbio de aprendizagem não verbal
- infecções frequentes
- esquizofrenia
- características da síndrome CHARGE (caracterizada por coloboma, atresia das cóanas e canais semicirculares anormais)
Risk factors
- pai/mãe com síndrome de DiGeorge
Diagnostic investigations
1st investigations to order
- cálcio sérico
- paratormônio (PTH) sérico intacto
- contagem de células T
- análise cromossômica por microarray
- amplificação de múltiplas sondas dependentes de ligação
- títulos imunológicos específicos (se houver imunização prévia)
- Hemograma completo
- hormônio estimulante da tireoide (TSH)
- T4 livre
- radiografia torácica
- eletrocardiograma (ECG)
- imunoglobulinas séricas
Investigations to consider
- hibridização in situ fluorescente
- cariótipo
- ecocardiograma
- ultrassonografia renal e vesical
- audiometria
- avaliações odontológicas e palatais
- avaliação oftalmológica
Treatment algorithm
nascimento até 4 meses
Lactentes e crianças pequenas (4 meses a 5 anos)
crianças em idade escolar (5 a 18 anos)
adultos
Contributors
Authors
James A. Stadler III, MD, MAS
Assistant Professor of Neurological Surgery
University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health
University of Wisconsin-Madison
WI
Disclosures
JAS declares that he has no competing interests.
Acknowledgements
Dr James A. Stadler III would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Sean A. McGhee and Dr Maria Garcia Lloret, the previous contributors to this topic.
Disclosures
SAMG has provided testimony as an expert in a criminal case in which immune deficiency was a concern, and is a co-author of a reference cited in this topic. MGL is a co-author of a reference cited in this topic.
Peer reviewers
Gabriela M. Repetto, MD
Director
Centro de Genetica Humana
Facultad de Medicina
Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo
Santiago
Chile
Disclosures
GMR is a co-author of a reference cited in this topic.
Lisa Kobrynski, MD, MPH
Associate Professor of Pediatrics
Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Immunology, Cystic Fibrosis, and Sleep
Emory University
Atlanta
GA
Disclosures
LK is an investigator in clinical trials by Baxter Bioscience. These trials do not involve patients with 22q11DS. LK is an author of a number of references cited in this topic.
Winnie Ip, BHB, MBChB, FRACP, MD(Res)
Consultant Immunologist
Department of Immunology
Great Ormond Street Hospital
London
UK
Disclosures
WI declares that she has no competing interests.
Peer reviewer acknowledgements
BMJ Best Practice topics are updated on a rolling basis in line with developments in evidence and guidance. The peer reviewers listed here have reviewed the content at least once during the history of the topic.
Disclosures
Peer reviewer affiliations and disclosures pertain to the time of the review.
References
Key articles
European Society for Immunodeficiencies. Clinical Working Party diagnostic criteria for PID: DiGeorge syndrome diagnostic criteria [internet publication].Full text
Boot E, Óskarsdóttir S, Loo JCY, et al. Updated clinical practice recommendations for managing adults with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Genet Med. 2023 Mar;25(3):100344.Full text Abstract
Óskarsdóttir S, Boot E, Crowley TB, et al. Updated clinical practice recommendations for managing children with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Genet Med. 2023 Mar;25(3):100338.Full text Abstract
Mustillo PJ, Sullivan KE, Chinn IK, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the immunological management of chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and other defects in thymic development. J Clin Immunol. 2023 Feb;43(2):247-70.Full text Abstract
Reference articles
A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.
Differentials
- Anomalias não sindrômicas
- Exposição à isotretinoína
- Síndrome CHARGE
More DifferentialsGuidelines
- Updated clinical practice recommendations for managing children with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome
- Clinical practice guidelines for the immunological management of chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and other defects in thymic development
More GuidelinesPatient information
Insuficiência cardíaca: como posso me ajudar?
Esquizofrenia: o que é?
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