Avaliação de dificuldade de aprendizado e atraso cognitivo

Última revisão: 24 Nov 2025
Última atualização: 28 Feb 2023

Resumo

Differentials

Common

  • Dislexia
  • Transtorno de deficit da atenção com hiperatividade (TDAH)
  • Síndrome de Down (trissomia do cromossomo 21)
  • Síndrome do cromossomo X frágil
  • Esclerose tuberosa
  • Transtorno do espectro autista
  • Síndrome alcoólica fetal
  • Epilepsia tipo ausência
  • Transtorno de comunicação social (pragmático)
Full details

Uncommon

  • Discalculia
  • Distúrbio específico de linguagem
  • Transtorno do processamento auditivo central (TPAC)
  • Transtorno do desenvolvimento da coordenação/dispraxia
  • Síndrome de Prader-Willi
  • Síndrome de Angelman
  • Síndrome de William
  • Síndrome de Rett
  • Síndrome de DiGeorge (síndrome velocardiofacial)
  • Síndrome de Turner
  • Craniossinostose
  • Citomegalovírus congênito
  • Toxoplasmose congênita
  • Rubéola congênita
  • Medicamentos teratogênicos
  • Nascimento prematuro extremo
  • Hipóxia perinatal
  • Meningite bacteriana
  • Encefalite
  • Tumor cerebral
  • Lesão cerebral traumática
  • Hipóxia/asfixia
  • Hipotireoidismo congênito
  • Erros inatos do metabolismo
  • Privação psicossocial
  • Afasia epiléptica adquirida (síndrome de Landau-Kleffner)
  • Encefalopatias epilépticas
  • Síndromes de duplicação 15q11
  • Síndrome da deleção 16p11.2
Full details

Contributors

Authors

Kevin A. Shapiro, MD, PhD

Director of Pediatric Neurology

Cortica | Advanced Neurological Therapies for Autism

Los Angeles

CA

Disclosures

KAS is Director of Research and Therapeutic Technologies at Cortica, a healthcare provider for children with autism and neurodevelopmental disorders. He serves as an advisor to NovoNordisk on studies evaluating cognition and neurodevelopment in individuals with haemophilia.

Acknowledgements

Dr Kevin A. Shapiro would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Jeremy Parr, the previous contributor to this topic.

Disclosures

JP is an author of a number of references cited in this topic.

Peer reviewers

Paul Gringras, MB ChB, MSc, MRCPCH

Consultant in Paediatric Neurodisability

Evelina Children's Hospital

St Thomas' Hospital

London

UK

Disclosures

PG declares that he has no competing interests.

Sandra H. Jee, MD, MPH

Assistant Professor of Pediatrics

Department of Pediatrics

Research Director

Starlight Pediatrics

University of Rochester Medical Center

Rochester

NY

Disclosures

SHJ declares that she has no competing interests.

Peer reviewer acknowledgements

BMJ Best Practice topics are updated on a rolling basis in line with developments in evidence and guidance. The peer reviewers listed here have reviewed the content at least once during the history of the topic.

Disclosures

Peer reviewer affiliations and disclosures pertain to the time of the review.

References

Our in-house evidence and editorial teams collaborate with international expert contributors and peer reviewers to ensure that we provide access to the most clinically relevant information possible.

Key articles

Harris JC. Developmental neuropsychiatry, volumes 1 and 2. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 1998.

Baird G, Gringras P. Investigation of developmental delay. In: Rutter M, Bishop D, Pine D, et al. Child and adolescent psychiatry. 5th ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell; 2008.

Bellman M, Lingam S, Aukett A. Schedule of growing skills. 2nd ed. London, UK: NFER Nelson Publishing Company Ltd; 1996.

Reference articles

A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.

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