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Distúrbios da alimentação do lactente

Last reviewed: 29 Sep 2025
Last updated: 24 Jul 2025

Summary

Definition

History and exam

Key diagnostic factors

  • tempo gasto na alimentação >30 minutos
  • refeições estressantes
  • deficit no crescimento (cruzando 2 percentis para baixo)
  • recusa alimentar
  • anormalidades craniofaciais
  • avaliação de neurodesenvolvimento anormal
Full details

Other diagnostic factors

  • volume inadequado de alimentação
  • vômitos
  • dor abdominal, distensão ou cólica
  • apneia, dessaturações e bradicardia em lactentes prematuros
  • irritabilidade ou letargia durante a alimentação
  • padrão de alimentação anormal na observação
  • doenças subjacentes e internações prévias
  • cirurgia gastrointestinal ou cardíaca prévia
  • história familiar de atopia
  • história familiar de problemas alimentares
  • infecções pulmonares recorrentes e sibilo
  • tosse ou esforço para vomitar durante as refeições
  • alterações posturais durante a alimentação
  • características atópicas
  • evento com aparente risco de vida (ALTE)
  • sialorreia
  • anquiloglossia
  • características de afecções genéticas
Full details

Risk factors

  • prematuridade
  • restrição do crescimento intrauterino
  • atraso do desenvolvimento
  • anormalidades anatômicas da orofaringe ou do trato gastrointestinal
  • cirurgia gastrointestinal
  • cirurgia cardíaca neonatal
  • Síndrome de Down
Full details

Diagnostic tests

Tests to consider

  • exclusão temporária da proteína do leite de vaca
  • estudo do pH esofágico por 24 horas
  • estudo do trato gastrointestinal superior com contraste
  • medida da impedância esofágica
  • radiografia torácica
  • videofluoroscopia da deglutição
  • avaliação da deglutição por endoscopia de fibra óptica com teste sensorial
  • endoscopia digestiva alta com biópsia
  • exame radioalergoadsorvente (RAST) para proteína do leite de vaca
  • tentativa de dieta sem lactose
  • substâncias redutoras nas fezes
  • anticorpos antitransglutaminase tecidual (tTG) e imunoglobulina A total
Full details

Treatment algorithm

ACUTE

anormalidades anatômicas

distúrbios gastrointestinais

síndrome do intestino curto

comprometimento neurológico

prematuridade

distúrbios respiratórios

distúrbios cardíacos

problemas comportamentais

Contributors

Authors

Helen McElroy, MBChB, MSc, FRCPCH

Consultant Neonatologist

Medway NHS Foundation Trust

Gillingham

Kent

UK

Disclosures

HM declares that she has no competing interests.

Acknowledgements

Dr Helen McElroy would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Stephanie Gill and Dr Uma Sothinathan, previous contributors to this topic.

Disclosures

SG and US declare that they have no competing interests.

Peer reviewers

Alexander K.C. Leung, MBBS

Pediatric Consultant

Alberta Children's Hospital

University of Calgary

Alberta

Canada

Disclosures

AKCL declares that he has no competing interests.

Sarah N. Taylor, MD

Assistant Professor

Division of Neonatology

Medical University of South Carolina

Children's Hospital

Charleston

SC

Disclosures

SNT declares that she has no competing interests.

Peer reviewer acknowledgements

BMJ Best Practice topics are updated on a rolling basis in line with developments in evidence and guidance. The peer reviewers listed here have reviewed the content at least once during the history of the topic.

Disclosures

Peer reviewer affiliations and disclosures pertain to the time of the review.

References

Our in-house evidence and editorial teams collaborate with international expert contributors and peer reviewers to ensure that we provide access to the most clinically relevant information possible.

Key articles

Rommel N, De Meyer AM, Feenstra L, et al. The complexity of feeding problems in 700 infants and young children presenting to a tertiary care institution. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2003 Jul;37(1):75-84. Abstract

Arvedson JC. Assessment of pediatric dysphagia and feeding disorders: clinical and instrumental approaches. Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2008;14(2):118-27. Abstract

Delaney AL, Arvedson JC. Development of swallowing and feeding: prenatal through first year of life. Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2008;14(2):105-17. Abstract

Reference articles

A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.
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