Summary
Differentials
Common
- Doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC)
- Insuficiência cardíaca congestiva
- Asma
- Pneumonia (bacteriana, viral, fúngica, tuberculosa)
- Doença do coronavírus 2019 (COVID-19)
- Crupe
- Síndrome coronariana aguda (SCA)
- Angina estável
- Arritmias
- Doença pulmonar intersticial
- Bronquiectasia
- Pneumonite não infecciosa (pneumonite eosinofílica, por radiação, por aspiração, por hipersensibilidade)
- Bronquite aguda
- Laringite
- Embolia pulmonar (trombótica, gasosa, por líquido amniótico, tumoral)
- Derrame pleural
- Pleurite
- Anemia
- Doença do refluxo gastroesofágico (DRGE)
- Ascite
- Choque
- Tumores pulmonares
- Ansiedade e ataques de pânico
- Envelhecimento normal, falta de condicionamento físico e obesidade
Uncommon
- Sepse
- Dissecção da aorta
- Sarcoidose
- Contusão pulmonar
- Epiglotite
- Anafilaxia
- Angioedema
- Aspiração de corpo estranho
- Tumores traqueobrônquicos (benignos ou malignos)
- Bócio retroesternal
- Disfunção das pregas vocais
- Hipertensão pulmonar
- Síndrome hepatopulmonar
- Malformações arteriovenosas pulmonares
- Doença veno-oclusiva pulmonar
- Mesotelioma
- Pneumotórax e pneumomediastino
- Hemotórax
- Valvopatia cardíaca adquirida
- Cardiopatia congênita
- Medicamentos cardíacos
- Doença miocárdica (cardiomiopatia, miocardite)
- Doença pericárdica
- Síndrome da veia cava superior
- Metemoglobinemia e envenenamento por monóxido de carbono
- Tétano
- Botulismo
- Paralisia do nervo frênico
- Esclerose lateral amiotrófica
- Poliomielite e outras infecções virais agudas do corno anterior
- Síndrome de Guillain-Barré
- Miastenia gravis
- Deficiência dos músculos respiratórios
- Síndrome miastênica paraneoplásica
- Doença tireoidiana
- Síndrome de Cushing
- Feocromocitoma
- Cifoescoliose e pectus excavatum
- Difteria
Contributors
Authors
Tomasz J. Kuzniar, MD, PhD

Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine
University of Chicago
Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine
NorthShore University HealthSystem
Evanston
IL
Disclosures
TJK is co-author of, and receives royalties from, two topics on sleep apnoea for UpToDate.
Acknowledgements
Dr Tomasz J. Kuzniar would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Kamilla Kasibowska-Kuzniar and Dr Kaiser G. Lim, previous contributors to this topic.
Disclosures
KK-K and KGL declare that they have no competing interests.
Peer reviewers
Nicholas Maskell, MD
Senior Lecturer and Consultant Physician
North Bristol Lung Centre
Southmead Hospital
Bristol
UK
Disclosures
NM declares that he has no competing interests.
Najib Rahman, BM, BCh, MA (Oxon), MRCP (UK)
MRC Training Fellow and Specialist Registrar, Respiratory Medicine
Oxford Centre for Respiratory Medicine
Churchill Hospital
Oxford
UK
Disclosures
NR declares that he has no competing interests.
Jonathan P. Parsons, MD
Assistant Professor
Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine
Ohio State University Medical Center
Columbus
OH
Disclosures
JPP declares that he has no competing interests.
Peer reviewer acknowledgements
BMJ Best Practice topics are updated on a rolling basis in line with developments in evidence and guidance. The peer reviewers listed here have reviewed the content at least once during the history of the topic.
Disclosures
Peer reviewer affiliations and disclosures pertain to the time of the review.
References
Key articles
American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: chronic dyspnea - noncardiovascular origin. 2024 [internet publication].Full text
Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. May 2024 [internet publication].Full text
Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for prevention, diagnosis and management of COPD: 2025 report. 2024 [internet publication].Full text
Konstantinides SV, Meyer G, Becattini C, et al. 2019 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism developed in collaboration with the European Respiratory Society (ERS): the Task Force for the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Respir J. 2019 Sep;543-603.Full text
Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, et al. 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation. 2022 May 3;145(18):e895-1032.Full text Abstract
Reference articles
A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.
Guidelines
- Global strategy for asthma management and prevention
- ACR appropriateness criteria: chronic dyspnea - noncardiovascular origin
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