Summary
Definition
History and exam
Key diagnostic factors
- presença de fatores de risco
- espasmos
- movimentos verticais breves da cabeça
- atraso ou regressão de neurodesenvolvimento
Other diagnostic factors
- idade de início de 3-12 meses
- complicação perinatal
- movimentos oculares anormais
- microcefalia
- máculas hipomelanóticas (em formato de folha)
- anormalidades do sistema motor
Risk factors
- malformação cerebral
- anormalidades neurocutâneas
- evento vascular pré-natal ou perinatal
- infecções intrauterinas ou perinatais
- distúrbio metabólico hereditário
- distúrbios genéticos
- história familiar
- trombose sinovenosa neonatal
- lesão cerebral pós-parto
- tumores cerebrais
Diagnostic investigations
1st investigations to order
- eletroencefalograma (EEG) do sono
- hemograma completo
- ureia e eletrólitos
- glicose plasmática
- cálcio sérico
- magnésio sérico
- testes da função hepática
- amônia
- gasometria
- lactato/piruvato no plasma
- aminoácidos plasmáticos
- ácidos orgânicos urinários
- acilcarnitinas (amostras de sangue impregnado em papel filtro)
- biotinidase
- alfa-aminoadípica semialdeído desidrogenase (AASA) na urina
- creatina e guanidinoacetato na urina e no plasma
- sequenciamento de próxima geração: painel de genes/sequenciamento de exoma total/sequenciamento de genoma completo
- hibridização genômica comparativa (CGH) em microarranjos
- ressonância nuclear magnética (RNM) cranioencefálica
Investigations to consider
- exame do líquido cefalorraquidiano (LCR)
- testes de função tireoidiana (tiroxina livre [T4L], hormônio estimulante da tireoide [TSH])
- glicoformas de transferrina plasmática
- ácidos graxos de cadeia muito longa
- cobre sérico, ceruloplasmina
- sulfocisteína na urina
- TC cranioencefálica
- cultura de citomegalovírus (CMV), reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) ou sorologia
- sorologia para toxoplasmose
- ecocardiograma
- ultrassonografia renal
- exame oftalmológico
Treatment algorithm
todos os pacientes
Contributors
Authors
Robert Robinson, MA, MBBS, FRCP, PhD
Consultant Paediatric Neurologist
Great Ormond Street Hospital
London
UK
Disclosures
RR declares that he has no competing interests.
Sarah Buts, MD
Clinical Fellow in Paediatric Neurology
Great Ormond Street Hospital
London
UK
Disclosures
SB declares that she has no competing interests.
Acknowledgements
Dr Robert Robinson and Dr Sarah Buts would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Katharina Vezyroglou, Dr Marjorie Illingworth, Dr Pradnya Gadgil, Dr Teesta Soman, and Dr Shelly Weiss, previous contributors to this topic.
Disclosures
KV, MI, PG, TS, and SW declare that they have no competing interests.
Peer reviewers
Gregory L. Holmes, MD
Section Chief of Neurology
Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center
Lebanon
NH
Disclosures
GLH declares that he has no competing interests.
Maria Roberta Cilio, MD, PhD
Attending Pediatric Neurologist
Division of Neurology
Bambino Gesu Children's Hospital
Rome
Italy
Disclosures
MRC declares that she has no competing interests.
Lionel Carmant, MD
Professor of Neurology
Department of Pediatrics
University of Montreal
Director of Epilepsy Clinic and Research Group
Saint Justine Hospital
Montreal
QC
Canada
Disclosures
LC declares that he has no competing interests.
Peer reviewer acknowledgements
BMJ Best Practice topics are updated on a rolling basis in line with developments in evidence and guidance. The peer reviewers listed here have reviewed the content at least once during the history of the topic.
Disclosures
Peer reviewer affiliations and disclosures pertain to the time of the review.
References
Key articles
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Epilepsies in children, young people and adults. Apr 2022 [internet publication].Full text
Hancock EC, Osborne JP, Edwards SW. Treatment of infantile spasms. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jun 5;(6):CD001770.Full text Abstract
Go CY, Mackay MT, Weiss SK, et al; Child Neurology Society; American Academy of Neurology. Evidence-based guideline update: medical treatment of infantile spasms. Neurology. 2012 Jun 12;78(24):1974-80.Full text Abstract
Lux AL, Edwards SW, Hancock E, et al. The United Kingdom Infantile Spasms Study (UKISS) comparing hormone treatment with vigabatrin on developmental and epilepsy outcomes to age 14 months: a multicentre randomised trial. Lancet Neurol. 2005 Nov;4(11):712-7. Abstract
Willmore LJ, Abelson MB, Ben-Menachem E, et al. Vigabatrin: 2008 update. Epilepsia. 2009 Feb;50(2):163-73. Abstract
Reference articles
A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.

Differentials
- Síndrome de Dravet
- Convulsões infantis familiares benignas
- Mioclonia noturna benigna
More DifferentialsGuidelines
- Epilepsies in children, young people and adults
- Evidence-based guideline update: medical treatment of infantile spasms
More GuidelinesPatient information
Epilepsia: perguntas a fazer ao seu médico
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