Summary
Definition
History and exam
Key diagnostic factors
- faixa etária típica (<15 anos ou >25 anos de idade)
- exposição a um indivíduo infectado
- viagem proveniente de regiões endêmicas ou epidêmicas
- indivíduos não vacinados/com vacinação incompleta
- faringite
- disfagia ou disfonia
- dispneia
- tosse rouca
- formação de pseudomembrana
- edema cervical
- lesões cutâneas
- comprometimento respiratório
Other diagnostic factors
- febre
- estridor
Risk factors
- indivíduos não vacinados
- indivíduos vacinados inadequadamente
- exposição a um indivíduo infectado
- viagens provenientes de regiões endêmicas
- ruptura da pele
- higiene deficiente, superpopulação e pobreza
Diagnostic investigations
1st investigations to order
- cultura bacteriana, microscopia e sensibilidades
Investigations to consider
- teste de Elek para toxigenicidade
- reação em cadeia da polimerase
- anticorpos contra difteria
Treatment algorithm
contactantes próximos de casos respiratórios e cutâneos assintomáticos
difteria respiratória
difteria cutânea
portadores assintomáticos
Contributors
Authors
Derek Sloan, FRCP, PhD
Reader & Consultant Physician in Infectious Diseases
University of St Andrews & NHS Fife
Scotland
Infectious Diseases Referent
UK-Med
UK
Disclosures
DS declares that he has no competing interests.
Acknowledgements
Dr Derek Sloan would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Walid Abuhammour, Dr Sarmad Farook Yahya Alhamdani, and Dr Nida Yousef, previous contributors to this topic.
Disclosures
WA, SFYA, and NY declare that they have no competing interests.
Peer reviewers
William A. Petri, Jr, MD, PhD, FACP
Chief and Professor of Medicine
Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health
University of Virginia Health System
Charlottesville
VA
Disclosures
WAP declares that he has no competing interests.
George Y. Wu, MD, PhD
Professor of Medicine
University of Connecticut Health Center
Farmington
CT
Disclosures
GYW is on the medical advisory boards of the following: Gilead Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb, AbbVie, and Intercept.
Linda S. Nield, MD
Associate Professor of Pediatrics
West Virginia University School Of Medicine
Morgantown
WV
Disclosures
LSN declares that she has no competing interests.
Peer reviewer acknowledgements
BMJ Best Practice topics are updated on a rolling basis in line with developments in evidence and guidance. The peer reviewers listed here have reviewed the content at least once during the history of the topic.
Disclosures
Peer reviewer affiliations and disclosures pertain to the time of the review.
References
Key articles
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Manual for the surveillance of vaccine-preventable diseases. Chapter 1: diphtheria. Dec 2022 [internet publication].Full text
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC Yellow Book 2024: health information for international travel. Section 5: travel-associated infections & diseases: diphtheria. May 2023 [internet publication].Full text
UK Health Security Agency. Public health control and management of diphtheria in England: 2023 guidelines. Nov 2023 [internet publication].Full text
Reference articles
A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.
Differentials
- Faringite por Streptococcus pyogenes
- Epiglotite aguda
- Mononucleose infecciosa
More DifferentialsGuidelines
- Child and adolescent immunization schedule: recommendations for ages 18 years or younger, United States, 2025
- Infection control in healthcare personnel: epidemiology and control of selected infections transmitted among healthcare personnel and patients
More GuidelinesPatient information
Vacina DTP (difteria, tétano, poliomielite)
Vacina DTPa (difteria, tétano, poliomielite e coqueluche)
More Patient informationLog in or subscribe to access all of BMJ Best Practice
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