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Difteria

Last reviewed: 30 Mar 2025
Last updated: 19 Mar 2025

Summary

Definition

History and exam

Key diagnostic factors

  • faixa etária típica (<15 anos ou >25 anos de idade)
  • exposição a um indivíduo infectado
  • viagem proveniente de regiões endêmicas ou epidêmicas
  • indivíduos não vacinados/com vacinação incompleta
  • faringite
  • disfagia ou disfonia
  • dispneia
  • tosse rouca
  • formação de pseudomembrana
  • edema cervical
  • lesões cutâneas
  • comprometimento respiratório
Full details

Other diagnostic factors

  • febre
  • estridor
Full details

Risk factors

  • indivíduos não vacinados
  • indivíduos vacinados inadequadamente
  • exposição a um indivíduo infectado
  • viagens provenientes de regiões endêmicas
  • ruptura da pele
  • higiene deficiente, superpopulação e pobreza
Full details

Diagnostic tests

1st tests to order

  • cultura bacteriana, microscopia e sensibilidades
Full details

Tests to consider

  • teste de Elek para toxigenicidade
  • reação em cadeia da polimerase
  • anticorpos contra difteria
Full details

Treatment algorithm

INITIAL

contactantes próximos de casos respiratórios e cutâneos assintomáticos

ACUTE

difteria respiratória

difteria cutânea

portadores assintomáticos

Contributors

Authors

Derek Sloan, FRCP, PhD

Reader & Consultant Physician in Infectious Diseases

University of St Andrews & NHS Fife

Scotland

Infectious Diseases Referent

UK-Med

UK

Disclosures

DS declares that he has no competing interests.

Acknowledgements

Dr Derek Sloan would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Walid Abuhammour, Dr Sarmad Farook Yahya Alhamdani, and Dr Nida Yousef, previous contributors to this topic.

Disclosures

WA, SFYA, and NY declare that they have no competing interests.

Peer reviewers

William A. Petri, Jr, MD, PhD, FACP

Chief and Professor of Medicine

Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health

University of Virginia Health System

Charlottesville

VA

Disclosures

WAP declares that he has no competing interests.

George Y. Wu, MD, PhD

Professor of Medicine

University of Connecticut Health Center

Farmington

CT

Disclosures

GYW is on the medical advisory boards of the following: Gilead Sciences, Bristol-Myers Squibb, AbbVie, and Intercept.

Linda S. Nield, MD

Associate Professor of Pediatrics

West Virginia University School Of Medicine

Morgantown

WV

Disclosures

LSN declares that she has no competing interests.

References

Our in-house evidence and editorial teams collaborate with international expert contributors and peer reviewers to ensure that we provide access to the most clinically relevant information possible.

Key articles

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Manual for the surveillance of vaccine-preventable diseases. Chapter 1: diphtheria. Dec 2022 [internet publication].Full text

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC Yellow Book 2024: health information for international travel. Section 5: travel-associated infections & diseases: diphtheria. May 2023 [internet publication].Full text

UK Health Security Agency. Public health control and management of diphtheria in England: 2023 guidelines. Nov 2023 [internet publication].Full text

Reference articles

A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.
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