Summary
Definition
History and exam
Key diagnostic factors
- diplopia
- desalinhamento ocular
- ambliopia
Other diagnostic factors
- movimentos oculares anormais
- confusão visual
- astenopia
- fechamento intermitente de um olho
- paralisia do nervo craniano
Risk factors
- história familiar de estrabismo
- prematuridade
- baixo peso ao nascer
- tabagismo materno durante a gestação
- erro de refração
Diagnostic tests
1st tests to order
- teste de cobertura
- teste prismático e de cobertura simultâneo (TPCS)
- teste sem cobertura (TSC)
- teste prismático e de cobertura alternado (TPCA)
- teste de Hirschberg
- teste de Krimsky
Tests to consider
- teste de versão
- teste de ducção
- teste de ducção forçada
- tomografia computadorizada (TC) ou ressonância nuclear magnética (RNM) da órbita
- ressonância nuclear magnética (RNM) cranioencefálica
- tomografia computadorizada (TC) do tórax
Treatment algorithm
estrabismo primário
estrabismo secundário
Contributors
Authors
Daniel J. Salchow, MD

Director
Pediatric Ophthalmology; Strabismus; Neuro-ophthalmology
Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin
Berlin
Germany
Disclosures
DJS declares that he has no competing interests.
Peer reviewers
Donny W. Suh, MD, FAAP, MBA, FACS
Chief and Professor of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus
Department of Ophthalmology
University of California, Irvine
Irvine
CA
Disclosures
DWS declares that he has no competing interests.
Peter Tiffin, BMedSci(Hons), MBBS, FRCOphth
Ophthalmology Consultant
City Hospitals Sunderland
Sunderland
UK
Disclosures
PT declares that he has no competing interests.
Jonathan Smith, MBBS, MRCP, MRCOphth
Specialist Registrar in Ophthalmology
Ophthalmics
Royal Victoria Infirmary
Newcastle
UK
Disclosures
JS declares that he has no competing interests.
Peer reviewer acknowledgements
BMJ Best Practice topics are updated on a rolling basis in line with developments in evidence and guidance. The peer reviewers listed here have reviewed the content at least once during the history of the topic.
Disclosures
Peer reviewer affiliations and disclosures pertain to the time of the review.
References
Key articles
US Preventive Services Task Force. Vision in children ages 6 months to 5 years: screening. Sep 2017 [internet publication].Full text
Sprunger DT, Lambert SR, Hercinovic A, et al. Esotropia and exotropia preferred practice pattern®. Ophthalmology. 2023 Mar;130(3):P179-221.Full text Abstract
Hutchinson AK, Morse CL, Hercinovic A, et al. Pediatric eye evaluations preferred practice pattern. Ophthalmology. 2023 Mar;130(3):P222-70.Full text Abstract
Dagi LR, Velez FG, Holmes JM, et al. Adult strabismus preferred practice pattern®. Ophthalmology. 2024 Apr;131(4):P306-403.Full text
Cruz OA, Repka MX, Hercinovic A, et al. Amblyopia preferred practice pattern. Ophthalmology. 2023 Mar;130(3):P136-78.Full text Abstract
Reference articles
A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.

Differentials
- Pseudoestrabismo
- Visão turva
- Diplopia monocular
More DifferentialsGuidelines
- Adult strabismus summary benchmarks
- Pediatric ophthalmology/strabismus summary benchmarks
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