Summary
Definition
History and exam
Key diagnostic factors
- presença de fatores de risco
- dermatite
- insônia, depressão ou perda de memória
- estupor intermitente
- alucinações ou delirium
- fraqueza
- neuropatia periférica
- hipertonia ou mioclonia oposicional
- rigidez em roda dentada
- reflexos primitivos
- ataxia
- náuseas, vômitos ou diarreia
- glossite, queilite ou estomatite
Other diagnostic factors
- fadiga
- ansiedade ou paranoia
- anorexia, perda de peso ou caquexia
- cefaleia
- vertigem
- incontinência
- constipação
- pirose
- palpebrite angular
Risk factors
- desnutrição
- transtornos decorrentes do uso crônico de bebidas alcoólicas
- deficiência de vitamina B2 (riboflavina)
- deficiência de vitamina B6 (piridoxina)
- má absorção
- transtornos alimentares
- doença de Hartnup
- síndrome carcinoide
- medicamentos antituberculosos
- Doença de Crohn
- Infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV)
- deficiência de cobre
- certos medicamentos
- gestação e lactação
- idade >65 anos
- Doença de Alzheimer
- Doença de Parkinson
Diagnostic investigations
1st investigations to order
- triptofano sérico
- N-metilnicotinamida urinária
- N-metil-2-piridona-5-carboxamida urinária
- proporção de 2-piridona/N-metilnicotinamida urinária
- biópsia de pele
- teste de fotossensibilidade
- Hemograma completo
- albumina sérica
- proteína sérica
- TFHs
- gama-glutamiltransferase (gama-GT)
Investigations to consider
- ferro sérico total
- capacidade de ligação do ferro
- ferritina
- atividade da transcetolase
- pirofosfato de tiamina (TPF)
- coeficiente de riboflavina
- piridoxal 5-fosfato sérico
- cianocobalamina sérica
- ácido fólico sérico
- ácido fólico eritrocitário
- exame de fezes
- aminoacidúria neutra
- serotonina sérica
- serotonina plaquetária
- ácido 5-hidroxi-indolacético urinário
- anticorpos antivírus da imunodeficiência humana (anti-HIV)
- exame do estado mental
- eletrocardiograma (ECG)
Treatment algorithm
assintomático (deficiência marginal)
sintomático (pelagra)
Contributors
Authors
Whadi-ah Parker, PhD, RD(SA)
Senior Research Specialist
Centre for the Study of the Social and Environmental Determinants of Nutrition
Population Health, Health Systems and Innovation
HSRC
Cape Town
South Africa
Disclosures
WP declares that she has no competing interests.
Zandile J Mchiza, RD, PhD
Professor
School of Public Health
University of the Western Cape
Cape Town
South Africa
Disclosures
ZJM declares that she has no competing interests.
Acknowledgements
Dr Whadi-ah Parker and Dr Zandile J Mchiza would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Demetre Labadarios and Dr Nelia Patricia Steyn, as previous contributors of this topic, as well as Miss Nophiwe Job, Ms Nwabisa Tshefu, and Mr Machoene Derrick Sekgala for their contributions to this topic. DL, NPS, NJ, NT, and MDS declare that they have no competing interests.
Peer reviewers
Alan Shenkin, MB, ChB, BSc, PhD, FRCP, FRCPath
Emeritus Professor of Clinical Chemistry
University of Liverpool
UK
Disclosures
AS declares that he has no competing interests.
Alfredo Morabia, MD, PhD, MS
CBNS
Queens College
City University of New York
NY
Disclosures
AM declares that he has no competing interests.
Peer reviewer acknowledgements
BMJ Best Practice topics are updated on a rolling basis in line with developments in evidence and guidance. The peer reviewers listed here have reviewed the content at least once during the history of the topic.
Disclosures
Peer reviewer affiliations and disclosures pertain to the time of the review.
References
Key articles
Janice LR, Kelly M. Krause and Mahan’s Food and the Nutrition Care Process. 16th ed. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2022.
Janos Z, John WS, Jesse FG III, et al. Handbook of vitamins. 5rd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2013.
Sauberlich HE. Laboratory tests for the assessment of nutritional status. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1999:161-174.
Reference articles
A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.
Differentials
- Dermatite
- Diarreia
- Demência
More DifferentialsGuidelines
- 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans
- Evaluation of the nutritional status and growth in refugee children during the domestic medical screening examination
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Anorexia: perguntas a fazer ao seu médico
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