Summary
Definition
History and exam
Key diagnostic factors
- presença de fatores de risco
- movimento de um lado do corpo ou uma parte específica do corpo
- sensação ou experiência premonitória (medo, sensação epigástrica, déjà vu, jamais vu)
- automatismos (puxar roupas, estalar os lábios)
- afasia temporária
- olhar fixo e não ter consciência dos arredores
Other diagnostic factors
- deficit neurológico focal pós-ictal (paralisia de Todd, afasia)
- deficit neurológico focal persistente
- dificuldades de memória
- estigmas de síndromes neurocutâneas
Risk factors
- convulsão febril
- lesão cerebral traumática
- infecção do sistema nervoso central (SNC)
- acidente vascular cerebral (AVC)
- tumor cerebral
- deficiência intelectual e/ou paralisia cerebral
- demência
- história familiar de convulsões
- malformações vasculares intracranianas
- malformações do desenvolvimento cortical (MDC)
- sexo masculino
Diagnostic tests
1st tests to order
- glicemia
- Hemograma completo
- painel de eletrólitos
- análise toxicológica
- punção lombar e análise do líquido cefalorraquidiano
- tomografia computadorizada (TC) do crânio
- ressonância nuclear magnética (RNM) cranioencefálica
- eletroencefalograma (EEG)
Tests to consider
- monitoramento de longa duração por vídeo/eletroencefalograma (EEG)
- tomografia por emissão de pósitrons (PET)
- tomografia computadorizada por emissão de fóton único (SPECT)
- RNM funcional
- exame de magnetoencefalografia (MEG)
- exame neuropsicológico
- teste de Wada
Emerging tests
- RNM de 7T
Treatment algorithm
convulsões agudas repetitivas: na comunidade
convulsões agudas repetitivas: no hospital
adultos <60 anos de idade
adultos ≥60 anos de idade
mulheres em idade fértil
gestantes
crianças
Contributors
Authors
Ramses Ribot, MD
Assistant Professor of Clinical Neurology
Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Division
University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine
Miami
FL
Disclosures
RR declares that he has no competing interests.
Andres M. Kanner, MD, FANA, FAES, FAAN
Professor of Clinical Neurology
Director, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center and Head, Section of Epilepsy
Department of Neurology
University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine
Miami
FL
Disclosures
AMK has received honoraria from Eisai Laboratories for lectures given at international scientific meetings, and from the Epilepsy Foundation of America for being Co-Editor in Chief of Epilepsy.com. AMK is an author of a number of references cited in this topic.
Acknowledgements
Dr Ramses Ribot and Dr Andres M. Kanner would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Vikram R. Rao, Dr John D. Hixson, and Dr Jeffrey Cohen, previous contributors to this topic.
Disclosures
VRR served as a paid consultant for Neuropace, Inc., manufacturer of the Responsive Neurostimulation (RNS) System. JDH has received research funding and consultancy funds from UCB, Inc. JC declares that he has no competing interests.
Peer reviewers
Edward Bromfield, MD
Chief
Epilepsy Division
Brigham and Women's Hospital
Associate Professor of Neurology
Harvard Medical School
Boston
MA
Disclosures
At the time of review, EB declared that between 2004 and 2009, he received speaking honoraria from UCB Pharma, Novartis, Abbott Laboratories, GlaxoSmithKline, and Pfizer. He received consulting fees from UCB Pharma, Genzyme, and Spherics, and research funding from UCB Pharma. Unfortunately, we have since been made aware that EB is deceased.
Angus A. Wilfong, MD
Associate Professor
Pediatrics and Neurology
Baylor College of Medicine
Medical Director
Comprehensive Epilepsy Program
Texas Children's Hospital
Houston
TX
Disclosures
AAW declares that he has no competing interests.
Cigdem I. Akman, MD
Assistant Professor
Division of Pediatric Neurology
Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons
New York
NY
Disclosures
Not disclosed.
Pasquale Striano, MD, PhD
Consultant Neurologist
Muscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit
"G Gaslini" Institute
Genova
Epilepsy Centre
Federico II University
Napoli
Italy
Disclosures
PS declares that he has no competing interests.
References
Key articles
Fisher RS, Cross JH, French JA, et al. Operational classification of seizure types by the International League Against Epilepsy: position paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology. Epilepsia. 2017 Apr;58(4):522-30.Full text Abstract
Scheffer IE, Berkovic S, Capovilla G, et al. ILAE classification of the epilepsies: position paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology. Epilepsia. 2017 Apr;58(4):512-21.Full text Abstract
Leone MA, Giussani G, Nevitt SJ, et al. Immediate antiepileptic drug treatment, versus placebo, deferred, or no treatment for first unprovoked seizure. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 May 4;(5):CD007144.Full text Abstract
Kanner AM, Ashman E, Gloss D, et al. Practice guideline update summary: efficacy and tolerability of the new antiepileptic drugs I: treatment of new-onset epilepsy. Report of the American Epilepsy Society and the Guideline Development, Dissemination, and Implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Epilepsy Curr. 2018 Jul-Aug;18(4):260-8.Full text Abstract
Kanner AM, Ashman E, Gloss D, et al. Practice guideline update summary: efficacy and tolerability of the new antiepileptic drugs II: treatment-resistant epilepsy. Report of the American Epilepsy Society and the Guideline Development, Dissemination, and Implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Epilepsy Curr. 2018 Jul-Aug;18(4):269-78.Full text Abstract
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Epilepsy in pregnancy (Green-top Guideline No.68). Jun 2016 (updated May 2018) [internet publication].Full text
Nevitt SJ, Sudell M, Weston J, et al. Antiepileptic drug monotherapy for epilepsy: a network meta-analysis of individual participant data. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Dec 15;(12):CD011412.Full text Abstract
Boon P, De Cock E, Mertens A, et al. Neurostimulation for drug-resistant epilepsy: a systematic review of clinical evidence for efficacy, safety, contraindications and predictors for response. Curr Opin Neurol. 2018 Apr;31(2):198-210. Abstract
Reference articles
A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.
Differentials
- Síncope
- Ataque isquêmico transitório (AIT)
- Distúrbios do sono
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