Summary
Definition
History and exam
Key diagnostic factors
- história ou diagnóstico atual de trombose vascular
- história de perda gestacional
- história de morbidade associada à gestação
Other diagnostic factors
- história de lúpus eritematoso sistêmico
- características da trombocitopenia
- artralgia/artrite
- livedo reticular
- história de outros distúrbios reumatológicos ou doenças do tecido conjuntivo
- sopro cardíaco
- edema
- convulsão, cefaleia, perda de memória, sinais de mielopatia transversa
- desconforto nos membros, edema, descoloração da pele e úlceras
Risk factors
- história de lúpus eritematoso sistêmico
- história de outros distúrbios reumatológicos autoimunes
- história de outras doenças autoimunes
- história de distúrbios hematológicos autoimunes
Diagnostic investigations
1st investigations to order
- anticoagulante lúpico
- anticorpos anticardiolipina
- anticorpos anti-beta 2-glicoproteína I
- fator antinuclear, anticorpos para o ácido desoxirribonucleico (DNA) de fita dupla e para o antígeno nuclear extraível
- Hemograma completo
- creatinina e ureia
Investigations to consider
- ultrassonografia Doppler venosa
- venografia ou ressonância nuclear magnética (RNM)
- RNM da trombose
- angiotomografia do tórax
- cintilografia de ventilação/perfusão (V/Q)
- ressonância nuclear magnética (RNM) de crânio
- ecocardiografia
- exame de trombofilia hereditária
Treatment algorithm
não gestante com trombose aguda
gestante
síndrome antifosfolipídica (SAF) catastrófica (gestante ou não gestante)
anticorpos antifosfolipídeos incidentais
Contributors
Authors
Damon Houghton, MD, MS
Associate Professor of Medicine
Mayo Clinic
Gonda Vascular Center
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology & Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Division of Vascular Medicine
Rochester
MN
Disclosures
DH has received clinical research support from Veralox and Bayer.
Ana I. Casanegra, MD, MS
Associate Professor of Medicine
Mayo Clinic
Gonda Vascular Center
Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Division of Vascular Medicine
Rochester
MN
Disclosures
AC declares that she has no competing interests.
Alí Duarte-García, MD, MSc
Assistant Professor of Medicine
Mayo Clinic
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology
Rochester
MN
Disclosures
AD declares that he has no competing interests.
Acknowledgements
Dr Damon Houghton, Dr Ana I. Casanegra and Dr Alí Duarte-García would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Karen A. Breen and Dr Beverley J. Hunt, the previous contributors to this topic. KAB has performed consultancy work for Bayer/Pfizer. BJH is Medical Director of Thrombosis UK and chair of the steering committee for World Thrombosis Day. BJH is an author of a reference cited in this topic.
Peer reviewers
Kuntal Chakravarty, FRCP (London), FRCP (Glasgow), FRCP (Ireland), FACP (USA), FACR (USA)
Consultant Rheumatologist
BHRT University Hospital
Queen’s Hospital
Romford
UK
Disclosures
KC declares that he has no competing interests.
Alan Lichtin, MD
Staff Hematologist
Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Center
Cleveland
OH
Disclosures
AL declares that he has no competing interests.
Peer reviewer acknowledgements
BMJ Best Practice topics are updated on a rolling basis in line with developments in evidence and guidance. The peer reviewers listed here have reviewed the content at least once during the history of the topic.
Disclosures
Peer reviewer affiliations and disclosures pertain to the time of the review.
References
Key articles
Miyakis S, Lockshin MD, Atsumi T, et al. International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). J Thromb Haemost. 2006 Feb;4(2):295-306.Full text Abstract
Barbhaiya M, Zuily S, Naden R, et al. 2023 ACR/EULAR antiphospholipid syndrome classification criteria. Ann Rheum Dis. 2023 Oct;82(10):1258-70.Full text Abstract
Tektonidou MG, Andreoli L, Limper M, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of antiphospholipid syndrome in adults. Ann Rheum Dis. 2019 Oct;78(10):1296-304.Full text Abstract
Sammaritano LR, Bermas BL, Chakravarty EE, et al. 2020 American College of Rheumatology guideline for the management of reproductive health in rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2020 Apr;72(4):529-56.Full text Abstract
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG practice bulletin no. 132: antiphospholipid syndrome. Dec 2012 [internet publication].Full text
Reference articles
A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.

Differentials
- Síndrome de Sneddon
- Trombofilia hereditária
More DifferentialsGuidelines
- ACR/EULAR antiphospholipid syndrome classification criteria
- 2020 American College of Rheumatology guideline for the management of reproductive health in rheumatic and musculoskeletal disease
More GuidelinesPatient information
AVC causado por um coágulo sanguíneo: prevenção de um novo AVC
Pré-eclâmpsia: o que é?
More Patient informationLog in or subscribe to access all of BMJ Best Practice
Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer