Summary
Differentials
Common
- Doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC)
- Pneumonia multilobar
- Aspiração de corpo estranho
- Uso de drogas (narcóticos, álcool, sedativos e anestésicos)
- Oxigenoterapia em DPOC
- Infarto ou hemorragia do SNC
- Trauma cranioencefálico
- infecção do SNC
- Síndrome da hipoventilação na obesidade
- Derrame pleural
- Pneumotórax
- Obesidade
- Cifoescoliose
- Hipocalemia
- Hipofosfatemia
- Ventilação mecânica inadequada
Uncommon
- Edema pulmonar cardiogênico
- Lesão pulmonar aguda/síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo
- Fibrose pulmonar
- Crise asmática
- Laringoespasmo
- Angioedema
- Hipoventilação alveolar primária
- Empiema
- Hemotórax
- Tórax instável
- Esclerodermia
- Espondilite anquilosante
- Fibrotórax
- Hipotireoidismo
- Agentes relaxantes musculares e organofosforados
- Trauma/lesões no começo da coluna (acima de C4)
- Síndrome de Guillain-Barré
- Esclerose múltipla
- Miastenia gravis
- Distrofia muscular
- Esclerose lateral amiotrófica
- Polimiosite e dermatomiosite
- Trauma do nervo frênico
- Tétano
- Botulismo
- Poliomielite
- Sepse
- Febre/hipertermia maligna
- Insuflação de CO₂ na cavidade do corpo (por exemplo, cirurgia laparoscópica)
Contributors
Authors
Rajiv Dhand, MD
Professor of Medicine
Department of Medicine
University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine
Knoxville
TN
Disclosures
RD declares that he has received grants/contracts from Mylan/Theravance and Viatris. RD receives royalties from UpToDate and Taylor and Francis. RD has been a consultant for Verona Pharma and is a member of the American Association for Respiratory Care Clinical Practice Guidelines for Aerosol Therapy. RD has received drugs from Theravance and Viatris for research in clinical trials.
Ghassan Jamal Wadi, MBBS
Pulmonary and Critical care fellow
Department of Medicine
University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine
Knoxville
TN
Disclosures
GJW declares that he has no competing interests.
Acknowledgements
Dr Rajiv Dhand and Dr Ghassan Jamal Wadi would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr M. Bradley Drummond and Dr Eddy Fan, previous contributors to this topic.
Disclosures
MBD declares that he has no competing interests. EF has received fees from MC3 Cardiopulmonary and ALung Technologies, Baxter, Getinge, Inspire, Vasomune, and Zoll Medical.
Peer reviewers
Guy Soo Hoo, MD, MPH
Director
Intensive Care Unit
West Los Angeles VA Healthcare Center
Clinical Professor of Medicine
Geffen School of Medicine
UCLA
Los Angeles
CA
Disclosures
GSH declares that he has no competing interests.
Harman Paintal, MBBS
Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine
Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System (VAPAHCS)
Palo Alto
CA
Disclosures
HP declares that he has no competing interests.
Patrick J. Neligan, MA, MB BCh, FCARCSI, FJFICM
Consultant in Anaesthesia and Intensive Care
Galway University Hospitals
Senior Lecturer in Anaesthesia
National University of Ireland
Galway Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care
University College Hospitals
Galway
Ireland
Disclosures
Not disclosed.
Peer reviewer acknowledgements
BMJ Best Practice topics are updated on a rolling basis in line with developments in evidence and guidance. The peer reviewers listed here have reviewed the content at least once during the history of the topic.
Disclosures
Peer reviewer affiliations and disclosures pertain to the time of the review.
References
Key articles
British Thoracic Society. BTS guideline for oxygen use in adults in healthcare and emergency settings. May 2017 [internet publication].Full text
British Thoracic Society. BTS/ICS guideline for the ventilatory management of acute hypercapnic respiratory failure in adults. Mar 2016 [internet publication].Full text
Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for prevention, diagnosis and management of COPD: 2025 report. 2024 [internet publication].Full text
Reference articles
A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.
Guidelines
- Global strategy for prevention, diagnosis and management of COPD: 2025 report
- German national guideline for treating chronic respiratory failure with invasive and non-invasive ventilation: revised edition 2017
More GuidelinesPatient information
Pneumonia
Asma em adultos: perguntas a fazer ao seu médico
More Patient information
Log in or subscribe to access all of BMJ Best Practice
Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer