Summary
Definition
History and exam
Key diagnostic factors
- presença de fatores de risco
- história de exposição a medicamentos
- lesões cutâneas
- reações cutâneas variáveis em 5 a 15 minutos após a exposição ao medicamento
- reações cutâneas variáveis dentro de algumas horas após a exposição ao medicamento
- reações cutâneas variáveis dentro de 2 semanas após a exposição ao medicamento
- reações cutâneas variáveis dentro de meses a anos após a exposição ao medicamento
- exposição prévia e reação ao medicamento
Other diagnostic factors
- prurido
- características não cutâneas associadas
- dor
Risk factors
- infecções por vírus
- Infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV)
- polimorfismo HLA-B*5701
- polimorfismo HLA-B*1502
- polimorfismo HLA-B*5801
- sexo feminino
Diagnostic investigations
Investigations to consider
- concentração de medicamentos no sangue (sangue total, plasma, soro)
- concentração de triptase no soro (anafilaxia)
- ensaio de via do complemento
- histologia da biópsia das lesões
- hemograma completo e diferencial
- anticorpos anti-histona para ácido desoxirribonucleico (DNA) de fita simples (síndrome semelhante a lúpus)
- testes cutâneos (testes de punção, intradérmicos, de contato)
Emerging tests
- imunoglobulina E (IgE) específica a medicamento
- teste de ativação de basófilos
- ensaio da proliferação linfocitária (EPL)
- ensaio de immunospot ligado a enzimas (teste ELISPOT)
Treatment algorithm
reações cutâneas adversas graves
reações cutâneas adversas sem gravidade
após um episódio agudo
Contributors
Authors
Michael Ardern-Jones, BSc, MBBS, DPhil, FRCP
Associate Professor
Consultant Dermatologist
Faculty of Medicine
University of Southampton
Southampton
UK
Disclosures
MA-J declares that he has no competing interests.
Acknowledgements
Dr Michael Ardern-Jones would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Wei Yann Haw, Dr Anne Holbrook, Dr Hermenio Lima, and Dr Jeffrey K. Aronson, the previous contributors to this topic.
Disclosures
WYH, AH and HL declare that they have no competing interests. JKA is editor of Meyler's Side Effects of Drugs and its annual companion volumes, the Side Effects of Drugs Annuals.
Peer reviewers
Shahbaz A. Janjua, MD
Specialist Dermatologist
Ayza Skin & Research Center
Lalamusa
Pakistan
Disclosures
SAJ declares that he has no competing interests.
Craig K. Svensson, Pharm.D, PhD
Dean
College of Pharmacy, Nursing, and Health Sciences
Purdue University
West Lafayette
IN
Disclosures
CKS declares that he has no competing interests.
Peer reviewer acknowledgements
BMJ Best Practice topics are updated on a rolling basis in line with developments in evidence and guidance. The peer reviewers listed here have reviewed the content at least once during the history of the topic.
Disclosures
Peer reviewer affiliations and disclosures pertain to the time of the review.
References
Key articles
Aronson JK, Ferner RE. Joining the DoTS: new approach to classifying adverse drug reactions. BMJ. 2003 Nov 22;327(7425):1222-5. Abstract
Gell PG, Coombs RRA, eds. Clinical aspects of immunology. 1st ed. Oxford: Blackwell; 1963.
Bigby M, Jick S, Jick H, et al. Drug-induced cutaneous reactions: a report from the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program on 15,438 consecutive inpatients, 1975 to 1982. JAMA. 1986 Dec 26;256(24):3358-63. Abstract
Kuokkanen K. Drug eruptions: a series of 464 cases in the Department of Dermatology, University of Turku, Finland, during 1966-1970. Acta Allergol. 1972 Dec;27(5):407-38. Abstract
Aronson JK, Ferner RE. Clarification of terminology in drug safety. Drug Saf. 2005;28(10):851-70. Abstract
Khan DA, Banerji A, Blumenthal KG, et al. Drug allergy: a 2022 practice parameter update. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2022 Dec;150(6):1333-93.Full text
Naranjo CA, Busto U, Sellers EM, et al. A method for estimating the probability of adverse drug reactions. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1981 Aug;30(2):239-45. Abstract
Hill AB. The environment and disease: association or causation? Proc R Soc Med. 1965 Jan;58(1):295-300.Full text Abstract
Howick J, Glasziou P, Aronson JK. The evolution of evidence hierarchies: what can Bradford Hill's 'guidelines for causation' contribute? J R Soc Med. 2009 May;102(5):186-94.Full text Abstract
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Drug allergy: diagnosis and management. September 2014 [internet publication].Full text
Reference articles
A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.
Differentials
- Lúpus eritematoso sistêmico
- Doenças bolhosas autoimunes
- Síndrome da pele escaldada estafilocócica
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