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Espondiloartrite axial

Evidence last reviewed: 13 Feb 2026
Topic last updated: 02 Apr 2024

Summary

Definition

History and exam

Key diagnostic factors

  • presença de fatores de risco
  • dorsalgia inflamatória
  • irite/uveíte
  • entesite
  • apresentação no final da adolescência e logo após os 20 anos
  • sexo masculino
  • história familiar positiva de espondilite anquilosante (EA)
Full details

Other diagnostic factors

  • fadiga
  • perturbação do sono
  • sensibilidade na articulação sacroilíaca
  • dispneia
  • perda de lordose lombar
  • comprometimento das articulações periféricas
  • cifose
  • psoríase
  • sintomas de doença inflamatória intestinal
Full details

Risk factors

  • HLA (antígeno leucocitário) B27
  • polimorfismos nos genes aminopeptidase 1 do retículo endoplasmático (ERAP1) e receptor de interleucina 23 (IL23R)
  • história familiar positiva de espondilite anquilosante (EA)
  • sexo masculino
Full details

Diagnostic tests

1st tests to order

  • radiografia pélvica
Full details

Tests to consider

  • HLA (antígeno leucocitário) B27
  • RNM
  • radiografia da coluna cervical (lateral)
  • radiografia da coluna lombar (lateral)
  • radiografia da coluna torácica (lateral)
  • ultrassonografia
Full details

Treatment algorithm

ACUTE

adultos com dor e/ou rigidez

adultos sem dor e/ou rigidez

crianças

ONGOING

adultos com dor e/ou rigidez refratária a 2 anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais (AINEs) e medidas não farmacológicas

Contributors

Authors

Antoni Chan, MBChB, FRCP, PhD

Consultant

Rheumatology Department

Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust

Reading

UK

Disclosures

AC has served on the advisory boards for MSD, Novartis, and Sanofi; contributed to educational events for Janssen, MSD, Novartis, Sanofi, and Celgene; been on the speaker bureau for Janssen, Pfizer, and Novartis; and received travel grants from AbbVie, UCB, Lilly, and Pfizer to attend educational conferences.

Sarah Sacks, MBBS, BSc

Specialist Registrar in Rheumatology

Stoke Mandeville Hospital

Aylesbury

UK

Disclosures

SS declares that she has no competing interests.

Acknowledgements

Dr Antoni Chan and Dr Sarah Sacks would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Jessica Gunn, Dr Sarah Keidel, Dr Millicent Stone, Dr Raj Sengupta, Dr Athimalaipet V. Ramanan, and Dr Emma Pomeroy, the previous contributors to this topic. We would like to gratefully acknowledge the late Dr Andrew Keat, Consultant Physician and Rheumatologist at Northwick Park Hospital for his contribution to this topic as a peer reviewer.

Disclosures

JG, SK, RS, and AVR declare that they have no competing interests. MS is an author of several references cited in this topic. EP is an author of a reference cited in this topic.

Peer reviewers

Roger Sturrock, MD, FRCP

Professor of Rheumatology

Centre for Rheumatic Diseases

University Department of Medicine

Glasgow Royal Infirmary University Trust

Glasgow

UK

Divulgaciones

RS is an author of a reference cited in this topic.

Karl Gaffney, BCh, BAO (Hons), FRCPI, FRCP

Consultant

Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital

Norwich and the Cromer & District Hospital

Cromer

UK

Divulgaciones

KG is an author of a reference cited in this topic.

Alexios G. Carayannopoulos, DO, MPH

Interventional Spine Physiatrist

Pain Medicine Specialist

Medical Director

Spine Center

Lahey Clinic

Burlington

MA

Divulgaciones

AGC declares that he has no competing interests.

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Referencias

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Artículos principales

Ramiro S, Nikiphorou E, Sepriano A, et al. ASAS-EULAR recommendations for the management of axial spondyloarthritis: 2022 update. Ann Rheum Dis. 2023 Jan;82(1):19-34.Texto completo  Resumen

Ward MM, Deodhar A, Gensler LS, et al. 2019 update of the American College of Rheumatology/Spondylitis Association of America/Spondyloarthritis Research and Treatment Network recommendations for the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis andnonradiographic axial spondyloarthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2019 Oct;71(10):1599-613.Texto completo  Resumen

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Spondyloarthritis in over 16s: diagnosis and management. Jun 2017 [internet publication].Texto completo

Artículos de referencia

Una lista completa de las fuentes a las que se hace referencia en este tema está disponible para los usuarios con acceso a todo BMJ Best Practice.
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