Summary
Definition
History and exam
Key diagnostic factors
- presença de fatores de risco
- exposição à digoxina
- sintomas gastrointestinais
- sintomas do sistema nervoso central
- sintomas visuais
Other diagnostic factors
- probabilidade de suicídio
- sintomas cardiovasculares
Risk factors
- idade >70 anos
- clearance renal diminuído
- hipocalemia (<3.0 a 3.5 mmol/L)
- uso concomitante de medicamentos específicos
- hipomagnesemia
- hipercalcemia
- hipotireoidismo
Diagnostic tests
1st tests to order
- eletrocardiograma (ECG)
- concentração sérica de digoxina
- nível de potássio sérico
- nível de magnésio sérico
- creatinina sérica e ureia
Treatment algorithm
ingestão aguda, toxicidade baixa a moderada
ingestão crônica, toxicidade baixa a moderada
toxicidade grave ou comprometimento hemodinâmico (toxicidade aguda ou crônica)
toxicidade aguda ou crônica após início do tratamento
Contributors
Authors
Scott Phillips, MD
Associate Clinical Professor of Medicine
Department of Medicine
University of Colorado
Denver
CO
Clinical Assistant Professor
Department of Pharmacy
University of Washington
Seattle
WA
Chief Executive Officer/Medical Director
Washington Poison Center
Seattle
WA
Disclosures
SP declares that he has no competing interests.
Acknowledgements
Dr Scott Phillips would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Oladapo A. Odujube and Dr Robert S. Hoffman, previous contributors to this topic.
We would like to acknowledge our Emergency medicine (toxicology) expert panel member, Dr Silas Smith, for his contribution to this topic.
Disclosures
OAO and RSH declare that they have no competing interests.
Peer reviewers
Edward W. Boyer, MD
University of Massachusetts Medical School
Worcester
MA
Disclosures
EWB declares that he has no competing interests.
Ruben Thanacoody, MD, FRCP(Edin)
Consultant Physician and Clinical Toxicologist
National Poisons Information Service (Newcastle)
Newcastle-upon-Tyne
UK
Disclosures
RT declares that he has no competing interests.
Peer reviewer acknowledgements
BMJ Best Practice topics are updated on a rolling basis in line with developments in evidence and guidance. The peer reviewers listed here have reviewed the content at least once during the history of the topic.
Disclosures
Peer reviewer affiliations and disclosures pertain to the time of the review.
References
Key articles
Andrews P, Anseeuw K, Kotecha D, et al. Diagnosis and practical management of digoxin toxicity: a narrative review and consensus. Eur J Emerg Med. 2023 Dec 1;30(6):395-401.Full text Abstract
Hack JB, Wingate S, Zolty R, et al. Expert consensus on the diagnosis and management of digoxin toxicity. Am J Med. 2025 Jan;138(1):25-33.e14.Full text Abstract
Reference articles
A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.

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