Summary
Definition
History and exam
Key diagnostic factors
- hipotensão
- taquicardia
- alterações cutâneas
- oligúria
- alterações no estado mental
- presença de fatores de risco
- febre
- dor torácica
- dispneia
- hipoxemia
- hipotermia
Other diagnostic factors
- dor abdominal
- edema periférico
- pressão venosa jugular (PVJ) elevada
- sons cardíacos abafados ou silenciosos
- arritmia
- erupção cutânea petequial
- erupção cutânea urticariforme
- angioedema
- sons respiratórios reduzidos em um hemitórax
- desvio traqueal
- bexiga distendida
- paralisia flácida dos membros
Risk factors
- idade mais avançada
- comorbidades
- infarto do miocárdio
- cardiomiopatia
- doença da valva cardíaca
- arritmias
- trauma
- hemorragia digestiva
- aneurisma roto da aorta abdominal
- queimaduras/golpe de calor
- perdas gastrointestinais: diarreia e vômitos
- pancreatite
- sepse
- anafilaxia/intoxicação
- lesão espinhal ou do tronco encefálico
- doença endócrina
- embolia pulmonar
- tamponamento cardíaco
- induzido por medicamento
Diagnostic investigations
1st investigations to order
- lactato (da gasometria arterial)
- gasometria venosa (VBG) ou gasometria arterial (ABG)
- glicose
- hemograma completo
- ureia e eletrólitos
- exames de coagulação
- proteína C-reativa
- procalcitonina
- eletrocardiograma (ECG)
Investigations to consider
- radiografia torácica
- urinálise e teste de gravidez na urina
- rastreamento de infecção
- ultrassonografia no ponto de atendimento
- Tomografia computadorizada de tórax, abdome e pelve
- Angiografia pulmonar por tomografia computadorizada (APTC)
- radiografia de ossos longos
- radiografia da coluna
Treatment algorithm
todos os pacientes
Contributors
Expert advisers
Alexander Alexiou, MBBS, BSc, DCH, FRCEM, Dip IMC RCSEd
Emergency Medicine Consultant
Barts Health NHS Trust
Physician Response Unit Consultant
London’s Air Ambulance
Royal London Hospital
UK
Disclosures
AA declares that he has no competing interests.
Clovis Rau, MBBS, BSc, FRCEM DipIMC
ST6 Emergency Medicine
Barnet Hospital
Royal Free NHS Foundation Trust
UK
Disclosures
CR declares that he has no competing interests.
Acknowledgements
BMJ Best Practice would like to gratefully acknowledge the previous expert contributor, whose work has been retained in parts of the content:
Samuel J. Stratton MD, MPH
Professor
Fielding School of Public Health
David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
Los Angeles
Deputy Health Officer
Orange County Health Care Agency
Health Disaster Management/Emergency Medical Services
Santa Ana
CA
Disclosures
SJS declares that he has no competing interests.
Peer reviewers
Paul Frost
Reader (clinical)
Centre for Medical Education
School of Medicine
Cardiff University
Honorary Consultant in Intensive Care Medicine
University Hospital of Wales
Cardiff
UK
Disclosures
PF declares that he has no competing interests.
Michael Toolis, MBBS, FCICM, GDipClinUS
Consultant Intensivist
Monash Health
Melbourne
Australia
Disclosures
MT declares that he has no competing interests.
Peer reviewer acknowledgements
BMJ Best Practice topics are updated on a rolling basis in line with developments in evidence and guidance. The peer reviewers listed here have reviewed the content at least once during the history of the topic.
Disclosures
Peer reviewer affiliations and disclosures pertain to the time of the review.
References
Key articles
Evans L, Rhodes A, Alhazzani W, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021. Intensive Care Med. 2021 Nov;47(11):1181-247.Full text Abstract
Cecconi M, De Backer D, Antonelli M, et al. Consensus on circulatory shock and hemodynamic monitoring: task force of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Intensive Care Med. 2014 Dec;40(12):1795-815.Full text Abstract
McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, et al. 2021 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2021 Sep 21;42(36):3599-726.Full text Abstract
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Suspected sepsis: recognition, diagnosis and early management. Mar 2024 [internet publication].Full text
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Intravenous fluid therapy in adults in hospital. May 2017 [internet publication].Full text
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Major trauma: assessment and initial management. Aug 2023 [internet publication].Full text
Reference articles
A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.
Differentials
- Hipotensão simples
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- Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock, 2021
- ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure
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