Resumo
Definição
História e exame físico
Principais fatores diagnósticos
- presença de fatores de risco
- síndrome viral (prévia)
- doença autoimune
- doença infecciosa
- uso de certos medicamentos e exposição a toxinas
Outros fatores diagnósticos
- idade <50 anos
- dor torácica
- dispneia
- ortopneia
- fadiga
- palpitações
- estertores
- estase jugular
- B3 em galope
- taquicardia sinusal
- arritmias atriais e ventriculares
- taquipneia
- hepatomegalia
- síncope
- febre
- problemas gastrointestinais
- rinorreia
- tosse
- galope de somação B3 e B4
- atrito pericárdico
- hipoperfusão periférica
- hipotensão
- alterações sensoriais
- linfadenopatia
- dificuldade respiratória
Fatores de risco
- infecção (não por vírus da imunodeficiência humana [HIV])
- Infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV)
- doenças autoimunes/mediadas imunologicamente
- períodos periparto e pós-parto
- uso de certos medicamentos e exposição a toxinas
- variantes genéticas
Investigações diagnósticas
Primeiras investigações a serem solicitadas
- eletrocardiograma (ECG) de 12 derivações
- radiografia torácica
- creatina quinase (CK) sérica
- creatina quinase-MB (CK-MB) sérica
- troponina sérica (I ou T)
- nível sérico de peptídeo natriurético do tipo B
- ecocardiograma bidimensional
Investigações a serem consideradas
- biópsia endomiocárdica (BEM)
- angiografia coronariana
- tomografia por emissão de pósitrons com 18F-fluordesoxiglucose-tomografia computadorizada (FDG-PET-CT)
- ressonância nuclear magnética (RNM) cardíaca
- reação em cadeia da polimerase viral
- teste genético
Novos exames
- BEM orientada por RNM
Algoritmo de tratamento
hemodinamicamente estável: sem evidência de disfunção sistólica do VE
hemodinamicamente estável: evidências de disfunção sistólica do VE
hemodinamicamente instável: adultos
hemodinamicamente instável: crianças
insuficiência cardíaca em estágio terminal ou arritmias refratárias com risco de vida
Colaboradores
Autores
Shriprasad R. Deshpande, MBBS, MS
Medical Director
Heart Transplant and Advanced Cardiac Therapies Program
Children's National Hospital
Associate Professor of Pediatrics
The George Washington University
Washington
DC
Declarações
SRD declares that he has no competing interests.
Bibhuti Das, MBBS, MD, FAAP, FACC
Director of Heart Failure and Heart Transplant
Pediatric Cardiology
Methodist Children’s Hospital
San Antonio
TX
Declarações
BD declares that he has no competing interests.
Agradecimentos
Dr Shriprasad R. Deshpande and Dr Bibhuti Das would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Katherine C. Wu, Dr James E. Harvey, and Dr Arman T. Askari, previous contributors to this topic. KCW, JEH, and ATA declare that they have no competing interests.
Peer reviewers
David A. Leaf, MD, MPH
Professor of Medicine
School of Medicine
VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System
UCLA
Los Angeles
CA
Disclosures
DAL declares that he has no competing interests.
John Charpie, MD, PhD
Associate Professor of Pediatrics
Medical Director
Pediatric Cardiothoracic Intensive Care Unit
University of Michigan Congenital Heart Center
Ann Arbor
MI
Disclosures
JC declares that he has no competing interests.
Lokesh Tejwani, MD, FACC
Assistant Professor of Clinical Medicine
University of Missouri Hospitals and Clinics
Harry S. Truman VA Hospital
Columbia
MO
Disclosures
LT declares that he has no competing interests.
Peer reviewer acknowledgements
BMJ Best Practice topics are updated on a rolling basis in line with developments in evidence and guidance. The peer reviewers listed here have reviewed the content at least once during the history of the topic.
Disclosures
Peer reviewer affiliations and disclosures pertain to the time of the review.
References
Key articles
Lieberman EB, Hershkowitz A, Rose NR, et al. A clinicopathologic description of myocarditis. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1993 Aug;68(2):191-6. Abstract
Law YM, Lal AK, Chen S, et al. Diagnosis and management of myocarditis in children: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021 Aug 10;144(6):e123-35.Full text Abstract
Writing Committee, Drazner MH, Bozkurt B, et al. 2024 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway on strategies and criteria for the diagnosis and management of myocarditis: a report of the American College of Cardiology Solution Set Oversight Committee. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2025 Feb 4;85(4):391-431.Full text Abstract
Bozkurt B, Colvin M, Cook J, et al. Current diagnostic and treatment strategies for specific dilated cardiomyopathies: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2016 Nov 3;134(23):e579-646.Full text Abstract
Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, et al. 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2022 May 3;145(18):e895-1032.Full text Abstract
Aretz HT, Billingham ME, Edwards WD, et al. Myocarditis. A histopathologic definition and classification. Am J Cardiovasc Pathol. 1987 Jan;1(1):3-14. Abstract
Reference articles
A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.

Differentials
- Síndrome coronariana aguda
- Cardiomiopatia dilatada
- Pericardite
More DifferentialsGuidelines
- 2024 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway on strategies and criteria for the diagnosis and management of myocarditis
- 2022 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death
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