小结
定义
病史和体格检查
关键诊断因素
- presença de fatores de risco
- ausência de hipovolemia
- ausência de hipervolemia
- ausência dos sinais de insuficiência adrenal ou hipotireoidismo
- náuseas
- vômitos
- estado mental alterado
- cefaleia
- convulsão
- coma
其他诊断因素
- sem história de uso recente de diuréticos
危险因素
- idade >50 anos
- doenças pulmonares (por exemplo, pneumonia)
- residentes de instituições asilares
- estado pós-operatório
- neoplasias malignas
- medicamento associado à indução da SIHAD
- distúrbio do sistema nervoso central (SNC)
- exercício de resistência
诊断性检查
首要检查
- sódio sérico
- osmolalidade sérica
- ureia sérica
- osmolalidade urinária
- sódio urinário
需考虑的检查
- prova terapêutica com infusão de soro fisiológico
- ácido úrico sérico
- excreção fracionada de sódio
- excreção fracionada de ureia
- hormônio estimulante da tireoide (TSH) sérico
- nível de cortisol sérico
- arginina-vasopressina (AVP) sérica
治疗流程
sintomas graves
sintomas leves a moderados
assintomático com sódio ≥125 mmol/L (≥125 mEq/L)
síndrome de secreção inapropriada de hormônio antidiurético (SIHAD) crônica persistente
撰稿人
作者
Megan Dixon, MD
Nephrologist
Arizona Kidney Disease and Hypertension Center
Phoenix
AZ
利益声明
MD declares that she has no competing interests.
Yeonghau Howard Lien, MD, PhD
Professor Emeritus of Medicine
Division of Nephrology
University of Arizona
Tucson
AZ
利益声明
YHL is an author of a reference cited in this topic.
同行评议者
Maryam Gondal, MD
Assistant Professor
Nephrology
Yale University
New Haven
CT
利益声明
MG declares that she has no competing interests.
Judith H. Veis, MD
Associate Director
Nephrology
Washington Hospital Center
Washington
DC
利益声明
JHV declares that she has no competing interests.
Laurie Solomon, MD, FRCP
Consultant Nephrologist
Renal Unit
Lancashire Teaching Hospitals
Fulwood
Preston
UK
利益声明
LS declares that he has no competing interests.
Peer reviewer acknowledgements
BMJ Best Practice topics are updated on a rolling basis in line with developments in evidence and guidance. The peer reviewers listed here have reviewed the content at least once during the history of the topic.
Disclosures
Peer reviewer affiliations and disclosures pertain to the time of the review.
参考文献
关键文献
Spasovski G, Vanholder R, Allolio B, et al. Clinical practice guideline on diagnosis and treatment of hyponatraemia. Eur J Endocrinol. 2014 Mar;170(3):G1-47.全文 摘要
Ball S, Barth J, Levy M, et al. Society for Endocrinology endocrine emergency guidance: emergency management of severe symptomatic hyponatraemia in adult patients. Endocr Connect. 2016 Sep;5(5):G4-6.全文 摘要
Verbalis JG, Goldsmith SR, Greenberg A, et al. Diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of hyponatremia: expert panel recommendations. Am J Med. 2013 Oct;126(10 suppl 1):S1-42.全文 摘要
Ellison DH, Berl T. The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis. N Engl J Med. 2007 May 17;356(20):2064-72.
参考文献
A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.

鉴别诊断
- Pseudo-hiponatremia
- Hipovolemia
- Síndrome cerebral perdedora de sal
更多 鉴别诊断指南
- Emergency management of severe symptomatic hyponatraemia in adult patients
- Clinical practice guideline on diagnosis and treatment of hyponatraemia
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