Resumo
Definição
História e exame físico
Principais fatores diagnósticos
- presença de fatores de risco
- história familiar de início prematuro de doença coronariana ou dislipidemia em familiares de primeiro grau
- história de doença cardiovascular
- consumo de gorduras saturadas e ácidos graxos trans
- peso corporal excessivo (especialmente a obesidade abdominal)
- xantelasmas
- xantomas tendinosos
Outros fatores diagnósticos
- arco corneano com início antes dos 45 anos de idade
- xantomas tuberosos
Fatores de risco
- resistência insulínica e diabetes mellitus do tipo 2
- excesso de peso corporal (índice de massa corporal >25 kg/m²)
- tabagismo
- hipotireoidismo
- doença hepática colestática
- síndrome nefrótica
- uso de determinados medicamentos
Investigações diagnósticas
Primeiras investigações a serem solicitadas
- perfil lipídico
- hormônio estimulante da tireoide (TSH) sérico
- lipoproteína(a)
Investigações a serem consideradas
- teste genético
Algoritmo de tratamento
com DCV aterosclerótica clínica: risco muito alto
com DCV aterosclerótica clínica: risco não muito alto e idade ≤75 anos
com DCV aterosclerótica clínica: risco não muito alto e idade >75 anos
sem DCV aterosclerótica clínica: LDL-C ≥4.9 mmol/L (≥190 mg/dL) sem diabetes mellitus (idade entre 20-75 anos)
sem DCV aterosclerótica clínica: LDL-C ≥4.1 mmol/L (≥160 mg/dL) sem diabetes mellitus (idade entre 20-39 anos)
sem DCV aterosclerótica clínica: LDL-C 1.8 a 4.9 mmol/L (70-189 mg/dL) sem diabetes mellitus (idade entre 40-75 anos)
sem DCV aterosclerótica clínica: LDL-C 1.8 a 4.9 mmol/L (70-189 mg/dL) sem diabetes mellitus (idade entre >75 anos)
sem DCV aterosclerótica clínica: com diabetes mellitus e fatores que aumentam o risco (idade entre 20-39 anos)
sem DCVA clínica: com diabetes mellitus, risco predito de DCVA em 10 anos <7.5% e sem fatores de risco (idade 40-75 anos)
sem DCVA clínica: com diabetes mellitus, risco predito de DCVA em 10 anos ≥7.5% e potencializadores do risco (idade 40-75 anos)
sem DCV aterosclerótica clínica: com diabetes mellitus (idade >75 anos)
hipercolesterolemia familiar
Colaboradores
Autores
Thorsten Leucker, MD, PhD
Assistant Professor of Medicine
Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Baltimore
MD
Declarações
TL has received grant funding for his university from Amgen and Merck.
Richard A. Ferraro, MD
Cardiovascular Disease Fellow
Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Baltimore
MD
Declarações
RAF declares that he has no competing interests.
Agradecimentos
Dr Thorsten Leucker and Dr Richard A. Ferraro would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Seth S. Martin, Dr Rhanderson Cardoso, Dr Raul D. Santos, Dr Martin Engelhardt, and Dr Michael Miller, the previous contributors to this topic.
Declarações
SSM has received honoraria from the American College of Cardiology for educational activities. SSM is listed as a co-inventor on a pending patent filed by Johns Hopkins University for a novel method of LDL-cholesterol estimation. SSM received a charitable gift for the VLDL big data project from the David and June Trone Family Foundation, and has also received research support from the PJ Schafer Cardiovascular Research Fund, American Heart Association, Aetna Foundation, iHealth, Stanford MedX/Nokia, Google, and Apple. SSM has acted as a consultant for Abbott Nutrition, Pressed Juicery, Quest Diagnostics, Sanofi/Regeneron, Amgen, Novo Nordisk, Esperian, Akcea, and the Pew Institute. RC declares that he has no competing interests. RDS has received honoraria for consulting, speaker activities and research from Astra Zeneca, Amgen, Akcea, Biolab, Esperion, Kowa, Pfizer, Merck, Novo-Nordisk, and Sanofi/Regeneron. ME declares that he has no competing interests. MM has received research grant support and honoraria for lectures from AstraZeneca, Merck-Schering Plough, and Pfizer. MM has received consulting fees from Pfizer, Merck-Schering Plough, and Roche.
Revisores
Mahi Lakshmi Ashwath, MD
Assistant Professor of Medicine
Noninvasive Cardiology
MetroHealth Campus
Case Western Reserve University
Cleveland
OH
Declarações
MLA declares that he has no competing interests.
Deepak Bhatnagar, TD MBBS PhD FRCP FRCPI FRCPath
Consultant/Senior Lecturer in Diabetes & Metabolism
The Royal Oldham Hospital & University of Manchester Cardiovascular Research Group Diabetes Centre
Royal Oldham Hospital
Oldham
UK
Declarações
DB declares that he has no competing interests.
Referências
Principais artigos
Mach F, Baigent C, Catapano AL, et al. 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. Eur Heart J. 2020 Jan 1;41(1):111-88.Texto completo Resumo
Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA guideline on the management of blood cholesterol: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2019 Jun 18;139(25):e1082-143.Texto completo Resumo
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Cardiovascular disease: risk assessment and reduction, including lipid modification. Dec 2023 [internet publication].Texto completo
Expert Dyslipidemia Panel of the International Atherosclerosis Society Panel members. An International Atherosclerosis Society position paper: global recommendations for the management of dyslipidemia - full report. J Clin Lipidol. 2014 Jan-Feb;8(1):29-60.Texto completo Resumo
Writing Committee; Lloyd-Jones DM, Morris PB, Ballantyne CM, et al. 2022 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway on the role of nonstatin therapies for LDL-cholesterol lowering in the management of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology Solution Set Oversight Committee. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022 Oct 4;80(14):1366-418.Texto completo Resumo
Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaboration; Fulcher J, O'Connell R, Voysey M, et al. Efficacy and safety of LDL-lowering therapy among men and women: meta-analysis of individual data from 174,000 participants in 27 randomised trials. Lancet. 2015 Apr 11;385(9976):1397-405. Resumo
Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Mertz CN, et al; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American College of Cardiology Foundation; American Heart Association. Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Circulation. 2004 Jul 13;110(2):227-39.Texto completo Resumo
Artigos de referência
Uma lista completa das fontes referenciadas neste tópico está disponível para os usuários com acesso total ao BMJ Best Practice.
Diagnósticos diferenciais
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- Insuficiência renal crônica
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