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Câncer anal

Evidence last reviewed: 27 Mar 2026
Topic last updated: 20 Feb 2026

Summary

Definición

History and exam

Key diagnostic factors

  • presença de fatores de risco
  • sangramento retal
  • dor no reto
  • massa retal
Full details

Other diagnostic factors

  • secreção anal
  • prurido anal
  • incontinência fecal
  • fístula anal
  • úlcera que não cicatriza
  • massa nos linfonodos inguinais
  • características de metástase à distância
Full details

Risk factors

  • papilomavírus humano (HPV)
  • vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV)
  • imunossupressão
  • penetração anal receptiva
  • múltiplos parceiros sexuais
  • doença autoimune
  • tabagismo
  • neoplasia intraepitelial anal
  • fístula anal
Full details

Diagnostic tests

1st tests to order

  • anuscopia
  • biópsia do tumor
  • RNM da pelve
  • TC da pelve
  • TC de abdome e de tórax
Full details

Tests to consider

  • tomografia por emissão de pósitrons (PET)
  • biópsia por agulha dos linfonodos inguinais
  • HIV sérico por ensaio de imunoadsorção enzimática (ELISA)
  • rastreamento de câncer cervical
Full details

Treatment algorithm

ACUTE

doença locorregional

doença metastática à distância

Contributors

Authors

Bruce D. Minsky, MD

Professor and Frank T. McGraw Endowed Chair

Radiation Oncology

MD Anderson Cancer Center

Houston

TX

Disclosures

BDM declares that he has no competing interests.

Peer reviewers

Brian Czito, MD

Associate Professor

Department of Radiation Oncology

Duke University Medical Center

Durham

NC

Disclosures

BC declares that he has no competing interests.

Lisa Kachnic, MD

Chief and Associate Professor

Department of Radiation Oncology

Boston University Medical Center

Boston

MA

Disclosures

LK has received funding from the US Department of Defense to perform research on non-anal cancers. LK is the author of a study referenced in this topic.

Sue Clark, MD

Consultant Colorectal Surgeon

Assistant Director

The Polyposis Registry

St Mark's Hospital

Harrow

UK

Disclosures

SC declares that she has no competing interests.

Peer reviewer acknowledgements

BMJ Best Practice topics are updated on a rolling basis in line with developments in evidence and guidance. The peer reviewers listed here have reviewed the content at least once during the history of the topic.

Disclosures

Peer reviewer affiliations and disclosures pertain to the time of the review.

References

Our in-house evidence and editorial teams collaborate with international expert contributors and peer reviewers to ensure that we provide access to the most clinically relevant information possible.

Key articles

Rao S, Guren MG, Khan K, et al. Anal cancer: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2021 Sep;32(9):1087-100.Full text  Abstract

National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: anal carcinoma [internet publication].Full text

Reference articles

A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.
  • Differentials

    • Hemorroidas
    • Câncer do reto
    • Câncer da margem anal
    More Differentials
  • Guidelines

    • NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: management of immune checkpoint inhibitor-related toxicities
    • Radiation therapy for anal squamous cell carcinoma
    More Guidelines
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