Summary
Definición
History and exam
Key diagnostic factors
- presença de fatores de risco
- sangramento retal
- dor no reto
- massa retal
Other diagnostic factors
- secreção anal
- prurido anal
- incontinência fecal
- fístula anal
- úlcera que não cicatriza
- massa nos linfonodos inguinais
- características de metástase à distância
Risk factors
- papilomavírus humano (HPV)
- vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV)
- imunossupressão
- penetração anal receptiva
- múltiplos parceiros sexuais
- doença autoimune
- tabagismo
- neoplasia intraepitelial anal
- fístula anal
Diagnostic tests
1st tests to order
- anuscopia
- biópsia do tumor
- RNM da pelve
- TC da pelve
- TC de abdome e de tórax
Tests to consider
- tomografia por emissão de pósitrons (PET)
- biópsia por agulha dos linfonodos inguinais
- HIV sérico por ensaio de imunoadsorção enzimática (ELISA)
- rastreamento de câncer cervical
Treatment algorithm
doença locorregional
doença metastática à distância
Contributors
Authors
Bruce D. Minsky, MD
Professor and Frank T. McGraw Endowed Chair
Radiation Oncology
MD Anderson Cancer Center
Houston
TX
Disclosures
BDM declares that he has no competing interests.
Peer reviewers
Brian Czito, MD
Associate Professor
Department of Radiation Oncology
Duke University Medical Center
Durham
NC
Disclosures
BC declares that he has no competing interests.
Lisa Kachnic, MD
Chief and Associate Professor
Department of Radiation Oncology
Boston University Medical Center
Boston
MA
Disclosures
LK has received funding from the US Department of Defense to perform research on non-anal cancers. LK is the author of a study referenced in this topic.
Sue Clark, MD
Consultant Colorectal Surgeon
Assistant Director
The Polyposis Registry
St Mark's Hospital
Harrow
UK
Disclosures
SC declares that she has no competing interests.
Peer reviewer acknowledgements
BMJ Best Practice topics are updated on a rolling basis in line with developments in evidence and guidance. The peer reviewers listed here have reviewed the content at least once during the history of the topic.
Disclosures
Peer reviewer affiliations and disclosures pertain to the time of the review.
References
Key articles
Rao S, Guren MG, Khan K, et al. Anal cancer: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2021 Sep;32(9):1087-100.Full text Abstract
National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: anal carcinoma [internet publication].Full text
Reference articles
A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.
Differentials
- Hemorroidas
- Câncer do reto
- Câncer da margem anal
More DifferentialsGuidelines
- NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: management of immune checkpoint inhibitor-related toxicities
- Radiation therapy for anal squamous cell carcinoma
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