Summary
Definition
History and exam
Key diagnostic factors
- história familiar de convulsões na infância
- episódio de olhar fixo, que dura de 5 a 10 segundos; várias vezes por dia sem aura/estado pós-ictal
- início na infância
- exame físico normal
- crise induzida por hiperventilação
Other diagnostic factors
- Automatismos
- declínio recente no desempenho escolar
- início precoce (antes dos 4 anos)
Risk factors
- história familiar/genética de síndrome epiléptica do tipo ausência
- lesão cerebral adquirida: por exemplo, hipóxia-isquemia, trauma, infecção
- outros defeitos congênitos do metabolismo, defeitos estruturais, anormalidades cromossômicas
- atraso no desenvolvimento ou deficiência intelectual
Diagnostic investigations
1st investigations to order
- eletroencefalograma (EEG)
Investigations to consider
- ressonância nuclear magnética (RNM) cranioencefálica
- exames para distúrbios metabólicos (por exemplo, aminoácidos séricos, ácidos orgânicos urinários, piruvato de lactato ou testes enzimáticos específicos)
- glicose no líquido cefalorraquidiano e glicose sérica
- teste genético
Treatment algorithm
crises de ausência típica sem história de crises tônico-clônicas generalizadas (epilepsia do tipo ausência da infância)
crises de ausência típica com história de crises tônico-clônicas generalizadas (epilepsia do tipo ausência da infância [EAI], epilepsia do tipo ausência juvenil [EAJ] e epilepsia mioclônica juvenil [EMJ])
crises de ausência atípica
refratário a tratamento
Contributors
Authors
Emily McGinnis, MD
Clinical Assistant Professor
Department of Clinical Science
Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine
Los Angeles
CA
Disclosures
EM states that she has no competing interests.
Dean Sarco, MD
Clinical Associate Professor
Department of Clinical Science
Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine
Los Angeles
CA
Disclosures
DS states that he has no competing interests.
Acknowledgements
Dr Emily McGinnis and Dr Dean Sarco would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Michael Wong and Dr Judith L. Z. Weisenberg, previous contributors to this topic.
Disclosures
MW and JLZW declare that they have no competing interests.
Peer reviewers
Anita Devlin, MBBS, MD
Consultant Paediatric Neurologist
Royal Victoria Infirmary
NHS Foundation Trust
Newcastle-upon-Tyne
UK
Disclosures
AD and two epilepsy nurses from her department have been reimbursed by UCB Pharma, the manufacturer of levetiracetam, for attending several conferences. One of the epilepsy nurses received a one-off sponsorship payment from UCB Pharma to cover the initial set-up costs of the adolescent epilepsy support group. One epilepsy nurse has been reimbursed by Cyberonics, the manufacturer of vagal nerve stimulators, for attending one or more conferences.
Cigdem Akman, MD
Division of Pediatric Neurology
Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons
New York
NY
Disclosures
CA declares that he has no competing interests.
Angus A. Wilfong, MD
Associate Professor
Pediatrics and Neurology
Baylor College of Medicine
Medical Director
Comprehensive Epilepsy Program
Texas Children's Hospital
Houston
TX
Disclosures
AAW declares that he has no competing interests.
Helen Cross, MB, ChB, PhD, FRCP, FRCPCH
Head of Neurosciences Unit
The Prince of Wales’s Chair of Childhood Epilepsy
National Centre for Young People with Epilepsy
London
UK
Disclosures
HC has received research funds from HAS, Epilepsy Research UK, SHS, and the Milk Development Council. She has received funding for an epilepsy training fellowship from UCB and Eisai. She has also received travel funding from Eisai, UCB, and GlaxoSmithKline.
Peer reviewer acknowledgements
BMJ Best Practice topics are updated on a rolling basis in line with developments in evidence and guidance. The peer reviewers listed here have reviewed the content at least once during the history of the topic.
Disclosures
Peer reviewer affiliations and disclosures pertain to the time of the review.
References
Key articles
Beniczky S, Trinka E, Wirrell E, et al. Updated classification of epileptic seizures: position paper of the International League Against Epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2025 Jun;66(6):1804-23.Full text Abstract
Scheffer IE, Berkovic S, Capovilla G, et al. ILAE classification of the epilepsies: position paper of the ILAE commission for classification and terminology. Epilepsia. 2017 Apr;58(4):512-21.Full text Abstract
Hirsch E, French J, Scheffer IE, et al. ILAE definition of the idiopathic generalized epilepsy syndromes: position statement by the ILAE task force on nosology and definitions. Epilepsia. 2022 Jun;63(6):1475-99.Full text Abstract
Specchio N, Wirrell EC, Scheffer IE, et al. International league against epilepsy classification and definition of epilepsy syndromes with onset in childhood: position paper by the ILAE task force on nosology and definitions. Epilepsia. 2022 Jun;63(6):1398-442.Full text Abstract
Brigo F, Igwe SC, Lattanzi S. Ethosuximide, sodium valproate or lamotrigine for absence seizures in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Jan 21;1(1):CD003032.Full text Abstract
Rinaldi VE, Di Cara G, Mencaroni E, et al. Therapeutic options for childhood absence epilepsy. Pediatr Rep. 2021 Dec 16;13(4):658-67.Full text Abstract
Reference articles
A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.
Differentials
- Sonhar acordado
- Transtorno de deficit da atenção com hiperatividade (TDAH)
- Crises focais com comprometimento da consciência, de origem no lobo frontal ou temporal
More DifferentialsGuidelines
- Epilepsies in children, young people and adults
- Teratogenesis, perinatal, and neurodevelopmental outcomes after in utero exposure to antiseizure medication
More GuidelinesPatient information
Crises de ausência em crianças
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