Summary
Definition
History and exam
Key diagnostic factors
- índice de massa corporal (IMC) ≥95º percentil
- peso por altura ≥ percentil 95
Other diagnostic factors
- aumento da relação cintura-quadril
- hipertensão
Risk factors
- pais com obesidade
- rápido ganho de peso na infância
- rápido ganho de peso no começo da infância
- etnia negra não hispânica ou hispânica
- status socioeconômico desfavorável
- estilo de vida sedentário
- restrição do crescimento intrauterino
- diabetes gestacional
- dieta rica em alimentos industrializados, fast food e bebidas com grande teor de açúcar
- tempo em frente à tela >2-3 horas/dia
- privação de sono
- exposição a corticosteroides, antibióticos ou medicamentos para supressão ácida
- ambiente urbano
- tabagismo materno durante a gestação
- consumo materno de alimentos ultraprocessados
Diagnostic investigations
1st investigations to order
- diagnóstico clínico
Investigations to consider
- glicemia de jejum
- lipídios séricos
- testes da função hepática
Emerging tests
- absorciometria por dupla emissão de raios X (DXA)
- análise de impedância elétrica
- ressonância nuclear magnética (RNM) ou tomografia computadorizada (TC) abdominal
Treatment algorithm
índice de massa corporal (IMC) ≥85º ao 94º percentil (sobrepeso)
índice de massa corporal (IMC) ≥95º percentil (obesidade) ou IMC ≥120% do 95º percentil (obesidade grave)
Contributors
Authors
Dianne Deplewski, MD
Associate Professor of Pediatrics
Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology
Program Director
Pediatric Endocrinology Fellowship Program
University of Chicago
Chicago
IL
Disclosures
DD declares that she has no competing interests.
Acknowledgements
We would like to acknowledge our Paediatric expert panel member, Dr Michael Cabana, for his contribution to this topic. MDC declares that he has served as a consultant and editor for McGraw Hill and Elsevier.
Peer reviewers
Eric M. Bomberg, MD, MAS
Assistant Professor of Pediatrics
Associate Director for Research Informatics, Center for Pediatric Obesity Medicine
Division of Endocrinology and Center for Pediatric Obesity Medicine
University of Minnesota Medical School
Minneapolis
MN
Disclosures
EMB declares that he has been a site principal investigator and site co-investigator for Novo Nordisk. EMB's research program is supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK).
Steven S. Rothenberg, MD
Chief of Pediatric Surgery
The Mother and Child Hospital
Associate Clinical Professor of Surgery
University of Colorado
Denver
CO
Disclosures
SSR declares that he has no competing interests.
Seema Kumar, MD
Assistant Professor of Pediatrics
Mayo Clinic
Rochester
MN
Declarações
SK declares that she has no competing interests.
Peter Bundred, MBBS, MD
Honorary Research Fellow
Department of Health Services Research
Institute of Psychology, Health and Society
University of Liverpool
Liverpool
UK
Declarações
PB declares that he has no competing interests.
Peer reviewer acknowledgements
BMJ Best Practice topics are updated on a rolling basis in line with developments in evidence and guidance. The peer reviewers listed here have reviewed the content at least once during the history of the topic.
Disclosures
Peer reviewer affiliations and disclosures pertain to the time of the review.
Referências
Principais artigos
Hampl SE, Hassink SG, Skinner AC, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and treatment of children and adolescents with obesity. Pediatrics. 2023 Feb 1;151(2):e2022060640.Texto completo Resumo
Hampl SE, Hassink SG, Skinner AC, et al. Executive summary: clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and treatment of children and adolescents with obesity. Pediatrics. 2023 Feb 1;151(2):2022060641.Texto completo Resumo
Styne DM, Arslanian SA, Connor EL, et al. Pediatric obesity - assessment, treatment, and prevention: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. JCEM. 2017 Mar 1;102(3):709-57.Texto completo Resumo
US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and US Department of Agriculture (USDA). Dietary guidelines for Americans 2020-2025. 9th ed. Dec 2020 [internet publication].Texto completo
Artigos de referência
Uma lista completa das fontes referenciadas neste tópico está disponível para os usuários com acesso total ao BMJ Best Practice.
Diagnósticos diferenciais
- Hipotireoidismo primário
- Hipotireoidismo secundário
- Síndrome de Cushing
Mais Diagnósticos diferenciaisDiretrizes
- Obesity: identification, assessment and management
- Clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and treatment of children and adolescents with obesity
Mais DiretrizesPatient information
Problemas de peso em crianças
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